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Chest radiograph reporting is time-consuming, and numerous solutions to automate this process have been proposed. Due to the complexity of medical information, the variety of writing styles, and free text being prone to typos and inconsistencies, the efficacy quantifying the clinical accuracy of free-text reports using natural language processing measures is challenging. On the other hand, structured reports ensure consistency and can more easily be used as a quality assurance tool.To accomplish this, we present a strategy for predicting clinical observations and their anatomical location that is easily extensible to other structured findings. First, we train a contrastive language-image model using related chest radiographs and free-text radiological reports. Then, we create textual prompts for each structured finding and optimize a classifier for predicting clinical findings and their associations within the medical image. The results indicate that even when only a few image-level annotations are used for training, the method can localize pathologies in chest radiographs and generate structured reports.

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The development and integration of intraoperative optical coherence tomography (iOCT) into modern operating rooms has motivated novel procedures directed at improving the outcome of ophthalmic surgeries. Although computer-assisted algorithms could further advance such interventions, the limited availability and accessibility of iOCT systems constrains the generation of dedicated data sets. This paper introduces a novel framework combining a virtual setup and deep learning algorithms to generate synthetic iOCT data in a simulated environment. The virtual setup reproduces the geometry of retinal layers extracted from real data and allows the integration of virtual microsurgical instrument models. Our scene rendering approach extracts information from the environment and considers iOCT typical imaging artifacts to generate cross-sectional label maps, which in turn are used to synthesize iOCT B-scans via a generative adversarial network. In our experiments we investigate the similarity between real and synthetic images, show the relevance of using the generated data for image-guided interventions and demonstrate the potential of 3D iOCT data synthesis.

Do black-box neural network models learn clinically relevant features for fracture diagnosis? The answer not only establishes reliability quenches scientific curiosity but also leads to explainable and verbose findings that can assist the radiologists in the final and increase trust. This work identifies the concepts networks use for vertebral fracture diagnosis in CT images. This is achieved by associating concepts to neurons highly correlated with a specific diagnosis in the dataset. The concepts are either associated with neurons by radiologists pre-hoc or are visualized during a specific prediction and left for the user's interpretation. We evaluate which concepts lead to correct diagnosis and which concepts lead to false positives. The proposed frameworks and analysis pave the way for reliable and explainable vertebral fracture diagnosis. The code is publicly available. 5