Le macula servitutis des affranchis romains. Neque enim aboletur turpitudo, quae postea intermissa est ? Les limitations dans la vie publique des affranchis romains sont traditionnellement expliquées par leur stigmatisation due à leur passé d’esclaves. Cette macula servitutis est devenue le slogan répandu dans les études sur des affranchis. Le but principal de cette contribution est de montrer que les efforts visant à réduire la condition sociale des affranchis à de telles descriptions essentialistes souffrent d’incohérences et des lacunes importantes. En analysant des sources littéraires, épigraphiques et juridiques, on aspire à déconstruire ce modèle de macula. L’expression et ses dérivés seront situés dans leur contexte historique et juridique et, en utilisant une perspective comparative, on situera sémantiquement aussi bien que sur le plan du contenu la notion de tache et de stigmatisation en termes généraux. Les remarques finales présentent une alternative au modèle de macula et servent à stimuler le débat en l’élargissant aux autres domaines et aspects de la vie des affranchis.
In this contribution, I would like to show that status and status-distinctions were key concernsof the Roman elite in their handling with freedmen, both in praising and in rebukingthem. After a short discourse analysis of Cicero’s letters of recommendation for freedmen,I will argue that such an emphasis on the inferior status of freedmen is often mistakenlygeneralized by too strong a focus on the one-sided literary evidence and that this preoccupation isnot shared by freedmen themselves. By integrating social theory as a conceptualframework and inscriptions as alternative source material, I show that amongfreedmen other identity dimensions (than status) prevailed and that elite stereotypes hadmuch less of an impact on the daily life of Roman freedmen than the literary, elite sourcessuggest.
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