Nowadays, patients require the highest quality of treatment, but generally prefer to spend as little time as possible in the dental chair. Therefore, there is significant benefit for using new technologies such as CAD/CAM (computer aided design/computer aided manufacturing), which provides both quality and speed. There is an increase in ceramic materials and ceramic blocks/discs available, with varying properties. This has resulted in some confusion and difficulty in making an informed decision about which material is best for a specific clinical situation. The objective of this review is to provide an overview and comparison of basic mechanical properties of currently used CAD/CAM ceramic materials based on a review of the currently available literature.
Objectives: To evaluate systematically the influence of sex of dental professionals on their capability for visual color matching. Materials and Methods:The protocol was registered on PROSPERO (CRD42020205393). PICOS question was develop based on the population, intervention, comparison, outcomes, and study design (PICOS). Eligibility criteria included cross section studies, randomized clinical trials and cohort studies that compared the effect of sex on the visual color matching process. Five electronic databases (Pubmed, Cochrane, EMBASE, Medline, and SCOPUS) and additional literature were screened independently by two researchers in July 2020. Clinical studies evaluating visual color matching skills of dental professionals were included. Studies that did not compare the difference between sexes were excluded. Duplicate articles were removed, titles and abstracts were screened, and studies were selected according to the inclusion criteria. Data were collected and reported in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Risk of bias was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute Critical Appraisal Tools.Results: A total of 1192 articles were screened from which 132 full text articles were analyzed and 37 finally included in the systematic review. Most of the studies evaluated the color matching abilities of dental students in vitro with shade tabs or extracted teeth. Out of the 37 articles included, 25 reported no significant difference in shade matching abilities between the sexes. Of the 12 studies that found a significant difference, 11 reported that females had better scores in shade matching exercises. For all studies a low risk of bias was revealed for most of the domains.Conclusions: While the non-homogeneity of the settings and methods in the included studies make it impossible to construct aggregate statistic, this systematic review suggests that the sex is unlikely to be a critical factor influencing color matching abilities.Clinical significance: This study suggest that sex of dental professionals does not play a critical factor in matching satisfactory color of future dental restoration with surrounding teeth.
The objective of this study was to explore how the size of pre-crystallisation defects affects the strength of a lithium disilicate glass ceramic. A total of seven groups of lithium disilicate glass-ceramic (IPS e.max ® CAD) disc shape specimens (thickness 1.1 ± 0.1mm) were fabricated (n = 15). Each group corresponded to the varying severity of controlled surface defects made by a Vickers hardness indenter in a partially crystallised state. All the discs followed the manufacturer specified crystallisation process. The controlled defects were analysed with the use of optical microscopy and atomic force microscopy in both the partially crystallised phase and after crystallisation. The bi-axial flexural strength (BFS) was measured using a ball-on-ring configuration after crystallisation. A one-way ANOVA revealed a significant difference (p = 0.028). The post-hoc Tukey test revealed a significant difference (p < 0.01) existed between the 0.2 kg and 2 kg indentation groups, with no other pairwise differences. The survivability plots highlight the low BFS outliers occurring in the 1.0 and 2.0 kg static load groups. The Atomic Force Microscopy shows apparent differences before and after crystallisation. The crystallisation process helps to mitigate the strength limiting defects, but it also has a limit. Therefore, it is necessary to minimise the surface defects generated through the pre-crystallisation manufacturing procedures.
Úvod a cíl: Keramika je směs anorganických nekovových materiálů. Její historie je datována již od paleolitu. Využívá se například k výrobě šperků, nádobí, ve stavebním průmyslu, v sochařství a samozřejmě i v zubním lékařství. Keramika je tvrdá, pevná, termicky i elektricky nevodivá, ale je především také estetická. Z důvodu zvyšujících se nároků pacientů na krásný a přirozený úsměv je keramika velmi dobrou volbou při zhotovování estetických protetických prací. Dentální keramika totiž velmi dobře opticky napodobuje tvrdé zubní tkáně, dentin a sklovinu. Proto se dentální keramika stala běžně používaným materiálem v zubních laboratořích. Využívá se ke zhotovení celokeramických, metalokeramických a jádrových korunek či můstků, inlejí, onlejí, estetických faset až po fixtury a suprakonstrukce dentálních implantátů. Ve výběru dentální keramiky pro požadovanou keramickou práci by neměla figurovat jen estetika budoucí keramické práce, ale důležité je brát v úvahu také mechanické vlastnosti keramiky. Žvýkací síly v ústní dutině se zvětšují směrem od frontálního do laterálního úseku, naopak požadavky na estetiku v tomto směru klesají. Keramika, která je vhodným řešením ve frontálním úseku, nemusí být nutně vhodná do laterálního úseku a naopak. Proto je předmětem našeho sdělení přiblížit, porovnat a klasifikovat některé mechanické vlastnosti keramických materiálů využívaných v zubním lékařství. Metodika: Pro odborné sdělení zaměřené na mechanické vlastnosti keramiky jsme čerpaly údaje z odborných knih a z literatury zabývající se danou tematikou dostupné v databázi PubMed. Tyto studie byly následně kriticky hodnoceny pro potřeby odborného sdělení. Závěr: Znalost mechanických vlastností dentálních materiálů je klíčová. Díky této znalosti může stomatolog zvolit vhodný materiál, který nejlépe splňuje konkrétní požadavky pro danou práci. Neznalost těchto vlastností může na druhou stranu vést k neuspokojivému výsledku až selhání práce.
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