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In this paper, we focus on the verification of the PCB/Package power integrity, which becomes very important for the design of state-of-art high speed digital circuits. The simulation of power distribution networks (PDNs) of the PCB/Package, which can be modeled as a large number of RLC lumped components, is a time-consuming task for using the conventional circuit simulator, such as SPICE. For this problem, we propose a parallel-distributed time-domain circuit simulation algorithm based on LIM. Furthermore, an effective modeling of frequency-dependencies of the PDNs, such as skin effects and dielectric losses, to solve by LIM is proposed.

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Background: Ketamine and its active metabolite, norketamine, have analgesic actions. A liquid formulation of ketamine has been prepared in some hospital pharmacies. The pharmacokinetic parameters of ketamine and norketamine after oral administration have not yet been reported. The objective of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of oral liquid ketamine in healthy volunteers. Methods:A liquid formulation of ketamine (1%) was administered to six healthy volunteers at a single oral dose of 5 mL. Venous blood samples (10 mL each) were collected before the administration, and at 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1, 1.5, 2, 6, 12 hours after the administration of ketamine. The blood pressure and pulse were measured, and the subjective symptoms were also checked for. The serum concentrations of ketamine and norketamine were measured by the HPLC method. Results:The Cmax, Tmax and AUC 0-12h of ketamine/norketamine were 29.9 ± 5.3/250.2 ± 28.7 ng/mL, 1.1 ± 0.2/1.6 ± 0.2 h, and 79.0 ± 24.0/1193.1 ± 159.6 ng•hr/mL, respectively. All of the six subjects reported feeling drunk temporarily around the Tmax of ketamine, and two of the six subjects complained of feeling sleepy around the Tmax of ketamine and norketamine. Furthermore, a significant increase of the mean systolic blood pressure was also noted at 1 and 1.5 hours after administration of ketamine. Conclusions:Norketamine may contribute to the analgesic effect after oral administration of ketamine. Thus, the liquid formulation of ketamine may be a useful formulation for obtaining effective analgesia.

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