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Background: Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS), a chronic inflammatory disease with an unknown etiology influences mainly the axial skeleton, as well as peripheral joints, enthesis and extra-articular systems. Clinical characteristics of antitumor necrosis factor (TNF) agents-related tuberculosis (TB) in AS are not well described. The aim of this study was to present the follow-up results of a single center from Turkey, a country with a high rate of active and latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI), for INH chemoprophylaxis in patients receiving anti-TNF-␣ therapy for AS infection.Methods & Materials: In this study, patients who received an anti-TNF agent for AS were evaluated for the presence of active infection or LTBI by a chest X-ray and a tuberculin skin test. Patients with LTBI were given chemoprophylaxis 1 month prior to commencement of anti-TNF treatment. All patients were followed-up bimonthly for any signs of pulmonary or extrapulmonary TB. New cases of TB were identified by reviewing the medical records of 164 patients with AS treated with (TNF-␣) blockers; adalimumab (n = 68), infliximab (n = 39), or etanercept (n = 53) between 2003 and 2012. Demographics data, the presence of HLA-B27 positivity, PPD, urine analysis prior to urine culture for mycobacterium tuberculosis, disease and (TNF-␣) blockers treatment duration and INH chemoprophylaxis were recorded.Results: A total of 164 patients, 57 female (34.5%) and 107 male (65.5%), with a mean age of 41.0 ± 13.1 years (18-78) were enrolled in the study. The presence of HLA-B27 was positive in 72 patients (43.6%); negative in 29 patients (17.6%); undefined in 64 patients (38.8%). LTBI was identified overall 99 patients all of whom received chemoprophylaxis those of 76 (46.1%) for 9 months, 9 (5.5%) for 6 months. Only 6 patients (3.6%) received chemoprophylaxis for 3 months due to INH hepathotoxicity. Only 2 patients received chemoprophylaxis for 9 months developed urinary tract tuberculosis at 21 (Adalimumab) and 24 (Etanercept) months, (PPD with 12 mm; PPD with 13 mm) respectively. Urine culture for mycobacterium tuberculosis was positive in both patients. Conclusion:Our results suggest that urinary tract tuberculosis in both patients was a new tuberculosis infection rather than a reactivation of latent tuberculosis.

<b><i>Background:</i></b> Resuscitation is the initial step for hemorrhagic shock. However, there is still controversy as to which fluid achieves the best results clinically and experimentally. <b><i>Aim:</i></b> It was aimed to investigate the effects of 0.9% NaCl (sodium chloride) and 6% HES (hydroxyethyl starch) on the kidney and blood environment. <b><i>Methods:</i></b> Twenty-four male Wistar rats were assigned as control, shock, and resuscitated (colloid: 6% HES and crystalloid: 0.9% NaCl) groups. Besides hemodynamics (mean arterial pressure and shock index) monitoring and kidney function evaluation, hemolysis, oxidative stress, inflammation, and glycocalyx degradation were evaluated in the plasma and kidney. <b><i>Results:</i></b> (1) Macrohemodynamics were successfully restored by both fluids. (2) Although 3 times more crystalloid volume was applied compared to the colloid resuscitation, similar hematocrit levels were found in both resuscitation strategies (32.8 ± 2.3 vs. 33.3 ± 1.0). (3) NaCl resuscitation led to increases in the hemolytic index, catalytic iron, and sialic acid compared to control, while HES administration increased the levels of malondialdehyde, ischemia-modified albumin, and sialic acid. (4) However, both fluid resuscitation strategies could inhibit inflammation and oxidative stress in the kidney and restore kidney function parameters. <b><i>Conclusion:</i></b> Although both NaCl and HES resuscitation showed protection of the kidney function against oxidative stress and inflammation, these fluids initiated the injury process.