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This paper provides plastic limit and TES (twice-elastic-slope) plastic load solutions for 90 • pipe bends under combined pressure and out-of-plane bending, via threedimensional non-linear FE analyses using elastic-perfectly plastic materials. Without internal pressure, a closed-form approximation is given. For combined pressure and out-of-plane bending, tabulated data are given, from which TES plastic loads can be interpolated. It is found that TES plastic loads for pipe bends under out-of-plane bending are lower than those under in-plane opening bending, but are higher than those under in-plane closing bending. It suggests that the in-plane closing bending mode is the most critical loading mode for 90 • pipe bends, which is fully consistent to existing findings.Keywords Combined pressure and out-of-plane bending · Finite element limit analysis · Pipe Bend · Twice-elastic-slope plastic load Nomenclature E Young's modulus M Out-of-plane bending moment M o TES plastic out-of-plane moments of pipe bends P Internal pressure P o Limit pressure of a pipe bend P s o Limit pressure of a straight pipe = 2 √ 3 σ o t r R Bend radius r Mean pipe radius t Thickness of pipe

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