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Introduction Articular cartilage is an avascular, alymphatic, and anisotropic tissue, these characteristics cause significant healing problems to injuries to the cartilage tissue. To overcome this problem, various techniques have been developed and widely used, but the cost-effectiveness and resulting tissue regeneration have never achieved hyaline-like cartilage that has the best biomechanical properties. The idea of this experiment is to use a Biodegradable Porous Sponge Cartilage (BPSC) Scaffold to enhance the regeneration of hyaline-like cartilage combined with microfracture technique and Adipose Derived Stem Cells (ASCs) or secretome on an animal model. Methods A model defect was made on the femoral trochlea of a New Zealand white rabbit. Four groups were made to compare different treatment methods for osteochondral defects. The groups were: (1) Control group; (2) Scaffold Group; (3) Scaffold + ASCs Group; (4) Scaffold + Secretome Group. After 12 weeks, we terminate the animal models, then a macroscopic evaluation using the International Cartilage Research Society (ICRS) scoring system and Oswestry Arthroscopy Score (OAS) was done, followed by sectioning the specimen for microscopic evaluation using the O’Driscoll scoring system. Results The mean score for all treatment group were better compared to the control group grossly and histologically. The best mean score for macroscopic and microscopic evaluation was the group given Scaffold + ASCs. Conclusion The application of BPSC scaffold enhances cartilage regeneration in larger osteochondral defects. Furthermore, the addition of ASCs or secretome along with the scaffold implantation further enhances the cartilage regeneration, in which ASCs shows better results.

Highlights Critical-sized bone defect remains a challenge. Many treatment options are available. Tissue engineering is one feasible option.

HighlightsKnee osteoarthritis with severe valgus deformity is a challenging case.The correction usually requires the use of high-cost constrained knee implant.Non-constrained implant with ligament adjustment provide good outcome.

Introduction: Muscle injury has caused adverse impacts on athletes' performance. Muscle injury treatments are based on the degree of severity. Unfortunately, in extensive injuries, surgical treatments are often unsatisfactory especially in athletes with high functional demand. More effort is needed to achieve a better result in muscle injury healing. The use of platelet-rich fibrin (PRF) and mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) would provide all the necessary factors to achieve good tissue healing: cells, growth factors, and scaffold. The study aims to evaluate the role of PRF and MSC in facilitating the healing of muscle injury on animal models. Methods: A model defect was created in the gastrocnemius muscle of each hind leg of twenty New Zealand white rabbits. All legs were randomly divided into four groups: (1) control; (2) PRF-only; (3) MSC-only, and (4) PRF-and-MSC group. After two and four weeks, the muscle was retrieved and sent for immunohistochemistry examination to evaluate the expression of Pax7 and MyoD protein. Results: The mean score of all treated group was higher compared to the control group. The group that received both PRF and MSC showed the highest score. Conclusion: Considering the promising result, application of PRF and MSC could be an option for the treatment of muscle injury as this would provide all necessary elements of tissue engineering to facilitate the healing process of muscle: the cells, the scaffold, and the growth factors. Highlights: