Based on the study of herbarium material, a critical taxonomic review is provided on Cardamine sect. Cardaminella (Cruciferae) from the Asian territory of Soviet Union. Different morphological characters were examined but special attention was paid to flowers, nectar glands, pollen grains, fruits and seeds, supplemented by anatomical studies of fruits and seeds. The recognized species are arranged into two subsections viz., Bellidifoliae (C. bellidifolia); Microphyllae (C. conferta, C. digitata, C. microphylla, C. pedata, C. purpurea and C. victoris). Phylogeny of the group, in relation to the concerned area, also has been discussed.

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This review describes the current status of freshwater fish diversity, their IUCN categories and threats to fish fauna in Nepal. The freshwater systems of the country are known to harbor over 220 fish species, thereby indicating a rich ichthyofaunal diversity. However, this number varies from author to author. Cyprinidae is the most common and dominant taxon. A total of 15 endemic and 15 exotic fish species have been reported. A total of 34 fish species have been listed under the IUCN Red List threatened categories. Major threats to fish include damming and pollution. Fish diversity studies have mainly focused on inventories only. Studies focusing on river longitudinal aspects, the inclusion of spatio-temporal aspects, and rigorous taxonomic studies combined with genetic studies are crucial to develop strategic conservation measures of fish fauna in Nepal.