Traditional plant-based medicines are still needed by the whole world for their primary healthcare benefits. The phytochemicals or plant extract could be used to treat different diseases and new formulation for the drug discovery in pharmaceuticals. Cinnamomum tamala is commonly called as Indian bay leaf or Tejpatta. The leaves and bark of Cinnamomum tamala are used to cure various diseases due to its various properties including astringent, stimulant and carminative. Hence, the objective of this study was to determine the comparative phytochemical screening and free radical scavenging activity of the leaf of Cinnamomum tamala. To achieve this, extract was prepared in three solvents (ethanol, ethanol, aqueous and chloroform). Phytochemical screening (qualitative and quantitative) was evaluated in all the three fractions to compare the solubility of various bioactive components. Phytochemical screening showed the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, flavones and flavonols, tannins, carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins, saponins and glycosides in leaves of Cinnamomum tamala. Quantitative analysis showed that the total polyphenolic content, total flavonoids content, total alkaloids and total flavones and flavonols content in the hydroalcoholic extract was 48.1 mg GA (gallic acid)/g, 22.1 mg QE (Quercetin)/g, 59.9 mg/g and 1.75 mg RE (Rutin)/g, respectively. DPPH free radical assay revealed that Cinnamomum tamala hydroalcoholic leaf extract at a 100 µm/ml concentration showed 96.99± 0.99% inhibition activity. It can be concluded that most of the bioactive components are found soluble in hydroalcoholic solvent. Cinnamomum tamala hydroalcoholic leaf extract contains various bioactive and also exhibits significant free radical scavenging activity. Hence, it can be used as an alternative remedy for the treatment of various diseases.

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The objective of the present work is to find supportive evidence for the use of Caesalpinia bonducella in nephrolithiasis. For safety assessment of ethanolic extract of seed of C. bonducella (ECB), acute and subacute oral toxicity studies was performed. In the acute oral toxicity study at a dose of 2,000 mg/kg and subacute oral toxicity study at dose of 250, 500, and 1,000 mg/kg, no changes were seen in the behavior, haematological parameters, biochemical parameters, histopathology of major organ, and body weight of rats. The efficacy of ECB at dose of 200 and 400 mg/kg was studied in ethylene glycol, glycolic acid, and sodium oxalate induced urolithiasis in rats and marketed cystone tablet at a dose of 750 mg/kg was used as the standard drug. The mean body weight difference, urinary parameters (urine pH, urine volume, levels of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus), and serum biochemical parameters [urea, Blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, uric acid, and alkaline phosphatase] were measured. Urolithiasis caused a significant decrease in mean body weight, pH, and volume of urine and increased in both serum biochemical parameters and urinary electrolyte concentration as compared with the normal control group. Histopathology of kidneys were showed increased glomerular hypercellularity, hydropic tubular degeneration, and cast in the induced control group. Ethanolic Extract of Caesalpinia bonducella (ECB) was found to be effective to normalise the above all changes. It was concluded that the ECB was effective in the prevention and elimination of calcium oxalate crystal deposition into kidneys.