Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4), a hepatotoxic agent is widely used to study the toxic mechanisms in experimental animals. We have investigated whether oxidative stress is induced in the brain at a single hepatotoxic dosage (1 ml/kg bw) of CCl4. Increased lipid peroxidation (LPO), protein carbonyls (PC) content and glutathione (GSH) depletion were observed in the brain regions of rats treated with CCl4 which was higher than that of liver. A drastic reduction in the activity of glutathione-S-transferase (GST) was seen in the brain regions which was higher than that of liver. Similarly, activities of glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione reductase (GR), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), NADH- and NADPH-dehydrogenase were reduced in the brain regions similar to that of liver. Higher induction of oxidative stress in the brain compared to that of liver implies vulnerability of the brain for CCl4 neurotoxicity. Our study shows that a single hepatotoxic dose of CCl4 is equally neurotoxic to rats.

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Introduction: Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) of lower limbs is one of the most common cause for the majority of deaths caused by pulmonary embolism. Deep vein thrombosis is the formation of blood clots in the deep veins which commonly affects the leg veins such as the calf veins, femoral vein, or popliteal vein or veins of the pelvis. The aim of the study was to evaluate clinical profile of patients in form of age, sex, etiological factors of deep venous thrombosis in our institute. Also study risk the factors in patients of deep venous thrombosis. Material and Methods: Study was a prospective study which was conducted on 108 symptomatic patients of deep vein thrombosis which were proved by colour doppler ultrasonography. All patients who were more than 18 years of age and either sex were taken into study. Results: In our study 37.03% of the patients were males and 62,97% were females with majority belonging to 21-30 years of age group (33.82%). In this study the youngest patient was 20 years old female and the oldest patient was 96 years old female. Male: Female ratio was 1:1.7. The least common age group affected is extreme of age i.e. ≥ 20 years and > 60 years of age in both sexes. The most common limb affected is left lower limb 62 patients (57.40) and right limb involvement is seen in 39.81% of patients. Bilateral lower limb DVT is present in two patients and one patient was upper limb DVT. Predisposing factors associated with thrombosis in deep veins maximally seen in 46 patients in 42.59% due to unknown cause. Pregnancy and post-partum was the second most common predisposing factor associated with DVT which is seen in 33 patients in 30.55%. Thrombosis due to orthopaedic trauma is seen eight patients only. Chronic illness and malignancy was present in 19.44% of patients. Conclusion: It is very important for accurate diagnosis of DVT to prevent potentially fatal complications like pulmonary embolism (PE) and pulmonary hypertension. Also it is very important to avoid anticoagulants therapy with associated risk of bleeding in patients of misdiagnosed and negative colour doppler findings. Because clinical features are nonspecific; hence new strategies were evolved for diagnosing this condition.