No abstract

The objective of dentists is to preserve teeth affected by either caries, trauma, or any other pathological condition. Teeth with deep carious lesions often require endodontic treatment to preserve their form and function. Sound knowledge of root canal anatomy, endodontic pathology, and proper treatment protocol are vital in endodontic treatment success. Currently, there has been an ongoing trend of case reports that highlight the presence of extra canals, which in turn, cautions the clinician to be more prudent. Any missed canal during root canal therapy is the common cause of treatment failure. This case report emphasizes the fact that proper understanding of pulp anatomy combined with the use of modern diagnostic aids and proper treatment protocol is essential for treatment success. This case report describes successful management of three rooted mandibular first molar with extra canals.

Bacteria and its by-products are found to be the main cause of pulpal and periapical infection of tooth. Infected root canals of tooth harbours a wide variation of microbial flora that includes both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. Bacterial components such as Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of gram negative bacteria and Lipoteichoic Acid (LTA) of gram positive bacteria have the potential to enter the peri-apical tissue of tooth and initiate the inflammatory process. After microbial death that occurs either due to body’s defence cells or by antibiotic action, bacterial cell wall components such as LTA are released which can persist inside macrophages for prolonged periods causing chronic inflammation. Once these cell-wall components are recognized by the body immune surveillance cells, numerous inflammatory mediators are released leading to inflammation and subsequent pathological consequences. The purpose of this review is intend to summarize the role of gram positive bacterial component LTA in causing endodontic infection and use of potential therapeutic agents against LTA.

Beautiful confident smile has a positive impact on the psychosocial well-being of patients. Spacing present in the anterior region makes a patient feel dissatisfied with their smile. Over the years, a number of innovative techniques have been described in the treatment of diastema. However, a less invasive and short-time treatment procedure with satisfactory result is preferred by the patient. This case report describes the technique of anterior diastema closure by applying Recurring Esthetic Dental (RED) proportion for smile designing using direct composite resin. The RED proportion has been stated to be an essential tool for achieving esthetics and harmony in smile.

Background: Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli were the primary microorganisms that cause dental caries. However, current molecular microbiology advancements have suggested the possible roles of other microorganisms in causation of carious lesions. Aims and Objectives:The aim is to explore the complete bacterial profile and pH in superficial and deep layer of carious dentinal lesion in reversible pulpitis patient. Materials and Methods: A total of 12 patients with occlusal cavitated lesion were chosen for this study. The carious dentinal sample was collected. The samples were subjected to DNA extraction quantification with 16S rRNA amplification and pH measurement by suspending the carious sample into 0.9% of NaCl solution. Results:The results showed higher number of Actinobacteria followed by Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Spirochaetes. The superficial layer was found to be acidic pH. Conclusion:There are more bacteria in the superficial carious layer than in the deep layer, with a fold difference of 2.8%.