Background:Environmental carcinogens cause DNA damages which if not repaired properly, may increase the risk of cancer. The Xerodermapigmentosum group D (XPD) and group G (XPG) genes are essential genes for DNA repair and alteration in DNA repair causes cancer. The present study aimed to evaluate the relationship between XPD and XPG polymorphisms and risk of oral pre cancer and cancer. Methods:Present study genotyped 302 samples of oral diseases and 300 controls for XPD (A/C) and XPG (G/C) polymorphisms with PCR-RFLP method. Results:Our result showed that compared to AA genotype frequency of AC and CC genotype for XPD(A/C) polymorphism were significantly lower among cases than in control and are associated with decreased risk of oral diseases (OR= 0.621 and 0.603 respectively). In contrast with reference to GG genotype the frequency of CC genotype of XPG (G/C) was significantly higher in case than in control population (p value=0.004) and found to increase the risk of oral diseases (OR= 2.077). Particularly C allele for XPD A/C polymorphism was found to be associated with decreased risk of Lichen planus and increased risk of ( OR = 0.470 and 1.541 respectively) oral cancer. While C allele of XPG G/C polymorphism significantly increased the risk of Oral Submucous Fibrosis and Leukoplakia (OR= 1.879 and 1.837 respectively) but not of Lichen planus and oral cancer. In combined genotype analysis from the aforesaid polymorphisms presence of C allele for XPD (A/C) polymorphisms were found to decrease the risk of oral diseases. However, the same C allele was observed to increase the chance of having high stage disease (OR= 5.71) with nodal involvement (OR= 6.78) once the cancer been initiated. Conclusion:This work shows association of XPD (A/C), XPG (G/C) polymorphisms with the development of pre oral cancer as well as oral cancer and its clinical courses.

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The functional polymorphism A1082G in the gene (IL10) for interleukin-10 associated with risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The present case-control study was to evaluate the possible association between IL10 A1082G gene and OSCC in north Indian population. Analysis of IL10 A1082G genotype in 232 OSCC cases and 221 healthy controls of comparable age, gender, smokers, tobacco chewing and alcohol consumption. IL10 A1082G status in cases and controls were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP). The frequencies of IL10 A1082G polymorphism AA, AG, GG genotypes were 29.74, 68.10 and 2.15% in OSCC cases and 57.46, 42.08 and 0.45% in healthy controls. The average frequency of G mutant allele was 36.20% in OSCC cases compared with 21.50% among the controls and this allele was associated with increased risk for OSCC cases. Heterozygous AG genotype was found statistically significant in OSCC cases than in controls (OR = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1-2.2, P = 0.003), whereas homozygous mutant GG genotype was not found significant (OR = 4.7, 95% CI = 0.55-41.1, P = 0.2). Moreover, we found that G allele was significant in OSCC cases of tobacco chewing. The frequency of IL10 A1082G polymorphism G allele and AG genotype is associated with OSCC cases as compared with controls; this may be due to smoking and tobacco chewing. Our findings showed that in IL10 A1082G gene polymorphism AG genotype and G allele may participate in the progression of OSCC.

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The coronavirus pandemic has lasted for more than a year now and still remains the leading cause of concern, worldwide. The causal agent; SARS- CoV-2, leads to the development of respiratory distress in the lower respiratory tract, sometimes leading to fatalities. Keeping in mind the discovery of mutant strains across the world, as well as the delay in vaccinations across vast populations, most people speculate boosting their immune systems as a preventive and precautionary measure. One of the most commonly observed conditions that hamper immunity; Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to the onset and the alteration of course of the disease in patients and is also being explored as a potential drug supplement. These surmises make it essential to study deep into the speculations. This review aims to overview the possible correlations between Vitamin D and COVID-19.