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Gender identity disorder (GID) is a condition where an individual experiences significant gender dysphoria or discontent due to the divergence between their biological sex and their actually perceived sex. The concept of GID was introduced in the 20 th century [1], and the affected patients usually indicate an apparently normal somatic sexual differentiation and hope to live as the member of the opposite gender to their innate one. The number of patients diagnosed with the condition has been increasing in the past decade. Currently, a broad approach toward to treatment of GID is conducted from various aspects of law, sociology, psychol- Abstract. Gender identity disorder (GID) is a conflict between a person's actual physical gender and the one they identify him or herself with. Testosterone is the key agent in the medical treatment of female to male GID patients. We conducted a dose-response analysis of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) in 138 patients to determine the onset of the therapeutic effects. The TRT consisted of intramuscular injection of testosterone enanthate and patients were divided into three groups; 250 mg every two weeks, 250 mg every three weeks and 125 mg every two weeks. The onset of deepening of voice, increase in facial hair and cessation of menses was evaluated in each group. At one month after the start of TRT, the onset of these physical changes was more prevalent in the group receiving the higher dose of testosterone, and there were dosedependent effects observed between the three treatment groups. On the other hand, at six months after the start of TRT, most of the patients had achieved treatment responses and there were no dose-dependent effects with regard to the percentage of patients with therapeutic effects. No significant side effects were observed in any of the treatment groups. We demonstrated that the early onset of the treatment effects of TRT is dose-dependent, but within six months of starting TRT, all three doses were highly effective. Current study provides useful information to determine the initial dose of TRT and to suggest possible changes that should be made in the continuous dosage for long term TRT.Key words: Gender identity disorder, Testosterone, Female to male, Dose response analysis, Estradiol ogy and medicine to effectively manage the disorder.The aim of the treatment for GID patients is to provide relief from the dichotomy between body habitus and sex identity by the induction of desired mental changes and maintenance of an acceptable physical state of the opposite sex. With regard to the history of the medical approach towards GID, surgical intervention was first conducted in 1907, and hormone therapy using testosterone replacement in female to male GID was started from 1935 after the discovery of testosterone [2]. Currently, the treatment for GID consists of psychotherapy, hormone replacement therapy and sex reassignment surgery. The therapeutic strategy is often determined, and therapies are started, by incorporating the patient's preferences or base...

Adult male and female acatalasemic (C3H/AnLCsbCsb), hypocatalasemic (C3H/AnLCscCsc) and normal mice of C3H strain fed on regular laboratory chow for 15 months showed an increased incidence of spontaneous mammary tumor in the decreasing order of female acatalasemic, male acatalasemic, female hypocatalasemic and male hypocatalasemic mice. Normal mice did not develop mammary tumor. We conducted a prospective study with female acatalasemic mice, which showed the highest incidence of mammary tumor, to examine the preventive effect of vitamin E on mammary tumor. Female acatalasemic mice were fed on vitamin E‐deficient (28 animals) and vitamin E‐supplemented diet (25 animals) for 29 months. The incidence of mammary tumor in mice given the vitamin E‐supplemented diet was 47%, while that in mice given vitamin E‐deficient diet was 82% (P<0.002). Mammary tumors were apparent after 9 months of vitamin E deprivation and after 14 months of vitamin E supplementation. Female normal mice did not develop mammary tumor during a comparable period of time. The mean catalase activity of mammary gland in acatalasemic mice was 18.8% of that in normal mice. The results indicate that vitamin E protects acatalasemic mice against the development of mammary tumor.