Objective: To identify and critique tools that assess Ca and/or dairy intake in children to ascertain the most accurate and reliable tools available. Design: A systematic review of the literature was conducted using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Articles were included on the basis that they reported on a tool measuring Ca and/or dairy intake in children in Western countries and reported on originally developed tools or tested the validity or reliability of existing tools. Defined criteria for reporting reliability and validity properties were applied. Setting: Studies in Western countries. Subjects: Children. Results: Eighteen papers reporting on two tools that assessed dairy intake, ten that assessed Ca intake and five that assessed both dairy and Ca were identified. An examination of tool testing revealed high reliance on lower-order tests such as correlation and failure to differentiate between statistical and clinically meaningful significance. Only half of the tools were tested for reliability and results indicated that only one Ca tool and one dairy tool were reliable. Validation studies showed acceptable levels of agreement (,100 mg difference) and/or sensitivity (62-83 %) and specificity (55-77 %) in three Ca tools. With reference to the testing methodology and results, no tools were considered both valid and reliable for the assessment of dairy intake and only one tool proved valid and reliable for the assessment of Ca intake. Conclusions: These results clearly indicate the need for development and rigorous testing of tools to assess Ca and/or dairy intake in children and adolescents.

Aim:The present study compares perspectives of low socioeconomic individuals and food system representatives to identify ways of increasing access to community-based food systems. Methods: Focus groups with low socioeconomic individuals and semistructured interviews with representatives of farmers' markets, community-supported agriculture schemes, and a commercial fruit and vegetable box scheme explored enablers and barriers to accessing community-based food systems for those of low socioeconomic status and potential solutions to improve participation. Data were analysed using grounded theory and thematic analysis, respectively. Results: Affordability, convenience and knowledge were barriers for low socioeconomic individuals. Food system representatives acknowledged these same barriers, but showed different understandings of their importance. Some strategies to improve access suggested by low socioeconomic individuals were amenable to representatives; however, for other strategies, views between the two groups were divided, particularly for strategies addressing affordability. Conclusions: A disconnect exists between views of low socioeconomic individuals and food system representatives in regard to improving disadvantaged groups' access to community-based food systems. Several strategies amenable to both stakeholder groups are identified; however, further communication and collaboration is required to identify additional innovative solutions.

Objective: To identify and critique tools for the assessment of Ca and/or dairy intake in adults, in order to ascertain the most accurate and reliable tools available. Design: A systematic review of the literature was conducted using defined inclusion and exclusion criteria. Articles reporting on originally developed tools or testing the reliability or validity of existing tools that measure Ca and/or dairy intake in adults were included. Author-defined criteria for reporting reliability and validity properties were applied. Setting: Studies conducted in Western countries. Subjects: Adults. Results: Thirty papers, utilising thirty-six tools assessing intake of dairy, Ca or both, were identified. Reliability testing was conducted on only two dairy and five Ca tools, with results indicating that only one dairy and two Ca tools were reliable. Validity testing was conducted for all but four Ca-only tools. There was high reliance in validity testing on lower-order tests such as correlation and failure to differentiate between statistical and clinically meaningful differences. Results of the validity testing suggest one dairy and five Ca tools are valid. Thus one tool was considered both reliable and valid for the assessment of dairy intake and only two tools proved reliable and valid for the assessment of Ca intake. Conclusions: While several tools are reliable and valid, their application across adult populations is limited by the populations in which they were tested. These results indicate a need for tools that assess Ca and/or dairy intake in adults to be rigorously tested for reliability and validity.

The feeding behaviors of Australian infants in the first 12 months fall well short of recommendations. Women need anticipatory guidance as to the indicators of breastfeeding success and the tendency of women to doubt the adequacy of their breast milk supply warrants further investigation.

The benefits of community-based food systems (CFSs) are well documented; however, evidence suggests limited access for socioeconomically disadvantaged people. Focus groups with low-socioeconomic status (SES) individuals explored enablers and barriers to using CFSs and potential modifications to enhance their participation. Participants believed that CFSs must improve their affordability and convenience and provide more information to enhance access by low-SES groups. Participant-generated strategies addressed each of these issues. CFSs will likely require a suite of strategies to attract low-SES patrons; however, these must be compatible with other goals integral to CFSs to ensure their sustainability.