Urban low-income 5th-graders participated in a school-choice study. Families utilizing choice schools (N = 73) were more likely to be African American, lower-income, and high-risk neighborhood residents than families whose children attended assigned schools (N = 100). Firm-responsive parenting, family togetherness, and family supportiveness also were linked positively to utilization of choice. Parent involvement in children's schooling was higher in neighborhood schools. School choice positively predicted children's mathematics achievement and school orientation. Parents who chose schools rated the teachers as practicing more parent-involvement strategies than parents of assigned students, but teachers reported equal practices. Parent ratings of school quality did not differ between conditions, nor did teachers or parents report better relationships in either condition.

− Produced water from oil production processes is mostly composed of oily wastewater. So, it is important to extract and remove the oil components from the produced water environmentally and in utilizing water resources. Produced water treatment is classified as physical, biological and chemical method. The technology trend of oil treatment for produced water was analyzed based on patent application years, countries, main applicants, and each technologies.

Since 1990s, efforts to recycle the waste plastics by chemical methods have increased. And in accordance with this trend, attempts have become active to use the waste PET as raw materials of chemical industries. In this article, the patents and papers for development of commercial technology for feedstock recycling and high end products from PET wastes were collected and analyzed. The open patents of USA (US), European Union (EP), Japan (JP), and Korea (KR) and SCI journals from 1974 to 2013 were investigated. The patents and papers were collected using key-words and filtered by the definition of the technology. The patents and papers were analyzed by the years, countries, companies, and technologies and the technical trends were discussed in this paper.

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