Background: β-eudesmol is a kind of aromatic compound belonging to sesquiterpenoid which exists within not only the bark of magnolia but also Nardostachys jatamansi, Atractylodes lancea, Pterocarpus santalinus, Ginkgo bilobal, Cryptomeria japonica, etc., and there has been progress in medical and pharmaceutic researches on antitumor, anticancer, and anti-inflammatory effects; nervous system stabilization; and vasodilator effects, etc., but not in researches on skin cares and cosmetics at all. Therefore, this study pretreated β-eudesmol with human dermal fibroblasts (HDFs) and then gave oxidative stresses with H 2 O 2 to examine antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, and cell preservation effects. Through this process, it proves the possibility of β-eudesmol as cosmetic materials. Methods: This study verified the effectiveness of β-eudesmol through cell viability analysis, reactive oxygen estimation, associated β-galactosidase assay, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) luciferase assay, and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). Results: The cell viability which decreased due to H 2 O 2 increased as per dose-dependent manners of β-eudesmol. Also, at the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging activity assay, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) quantitative analysis and glutathione (GSH) estimation, the relative levels which were changed by H 2 O 2 treatment, showed attenuated or protective transition forms, depending on the concentration of β-eudesmol. Additionally, reduced superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) and catalase (CAT) gene expression by H 2 O 2 were increased by β-eudesmol. As the result of the promoter activity analysis of NF-κB which has a key role in inflammation and skin aging, NF-κB activity decreases as β-eudesmol concentration increases, and also this study proves that gene expression of interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β) which is a downstream gene of NF-κB related to inflammatory response decreases as well as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) gene expression depending on the concentration of β-eudesmol. Conclusions: Through these results, this study suggests there are anti-inflammatory effects by shutting out the NF-κB pathway. Following the results of the extracellular matrix (ECM) regulating gene expression analysis, this study proves that oxidative stress-induced increased MMP1 levels were decreased depending on the concentration of β-eudesmol and verifies that it hinders the collapse of collagen through inhibition of transcriptional activity of NF-κB. From the result of β-eudesmol regulating tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinase (TIMP)-1 gene expression which hinders matrix metalloproteinase (MMP), activation and alteration of gene expression of collagen type I alpha 1 (COL1A1) underpins the above consequences. Through this research, it is considered that β-eudesmol as one of natural cosmetic materials with such effects as antioxidation, anti-inflammation, and cell preservation is worthy of notice.

PurposeAlthough common femoral artery endarterectomy (CFAE) is regarded as the standard treatment modality for common femoral artery (CFA) disease, availability of advanced endovascular techniques has resulted in an increased number of CFA disease being treated. We evaluated clinical outcomes in a contemporary series of patients who were treated for CFA disease using endarterectomy alone or combined with endovascular treatment.Materials and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 46 patients from November 2001 through December 2007. The treated lesions were divided into 4 groups based on operative procedure: group I (n=11), CFAE alone; group II (n=15), CFAE and iliac artery (IA) endovascular treatment; group III (n=6), CFAE and superficial femoral artery (SFA) endovascular treatment; group IV (n=14), CFAE and IA and SFA endovascular treatment or bypass surgery.ResultsThe degree of CFA steno-occlusion was not different among the groups. The 3-year primary patency rates of each group were 88.9±10.5%, 60.0±14.5%, 62.5±21.3%, and 83.9±10.4%, respectively. The 3-year primary assisted patency rates were 100%, 70.0±13.0%, 62.5±21.3%, and 89.3±10.4%, while 3-year secondary patency rates were 100%, 80.0±13.0%, 62.5±21.3%, and 92.3±7.4%, respectively. There was no procedure-related mortality. Significant improvement of ankle-brachial index was achieved in all groups.ConclusionCFAE alone is the treatment of choice for excellent patency and clinical improvement in steno-occlusive lesions confined to the CFA. In multiple steno-occlusive diseases, this procedure could be combined with endovascular procedures to reduce the operative risk in conditions with high morbidity.

Background: This study aims to clinically verify the effects of myrtle essential oil, which has non-irritation, nontoxicity, and non-sensitivity characteristics among natural materials, by applying the oil to acne skin of Korean women, with special emphasis on a development of natural substances with a high safety to relieve acne and minimize skin irritation. Methods: After a homogeneity test was conducted targeting 20 Korean women with acne skin, who have met the primary and the secondary clinical selection criteria, the subjects were divided into the treatment group with myrtle essential oil applied (the experimental group) and the no-treatment group with no myrtle essential oil applied (the control group) to use provided cosmetics every morning and evening for 6 weeks. To precisely check the effects of the myrtle substances, the provided cosmetics are made with only a difference in the presence or absence of added myrtle substances, leaving all other substances equal. Results: The acne grades significantly decreased in the experimental group with myrtle applied, with the pore index (outstanding pores, large pores, blackheads), the erythema index, the sebum index, and the desquamation index also decreased in the group. Lastly, the microorganism index decreased considerably in the experimental group, showing all evaluation indicators related to acne improved in the experimental group in a statistically significant manner. On the other hand, the acne grades a little decreased in the control group with no myrtle applied, but with no statistical significance, while the pore index (outstanding pores, large pores, blackheads), the erythema index, the sebum index, and the desquamation index rather increased to some extent. In addition, the microorganism index decreased in the control group, but with a smaller volume of changes than that in the experimental group. Conclusion: This study has clinically proved that myrtle essential oil has effects for convergence, reduction in erythema, removal of sebum and dead skin cells, and antibacterial activity on the facial skin of Korean women. Especially, this study confirmed that myrtle essential oil is a safe, skin-soothing substance effective for treating acne by showing the oil reduced the number of erythema.

The purpose of revascularization in lower extremity arterial occlusive disease is to prevent amputation and improve walking ability. Many surgical techniques for peripheral vascular disease (PAD) have been reported. The hybrid operation composed of open surgery and endovascular procedure has been increasingly used for multilevel revascularization. The goal of this study is to evaluate feasibility of simultaneous hybrid femoral endarterectomy and endovascular treatment in patients who need multilevel revascularization with critical limb ischemia. Between March 2011 and July 2014, 38 consecutive patients (43 limbs) with multilevel peripheral arterial disease in critical limb ischemia were treated by simultaneous hybrid operation by single surgeon. The hybrid operation which combines common femoral artery endarterectomy and additive interventional procedure was simultaneously performed for multilevel revascularization. The measurements of primary outcome were primary patency rates, secondary patency rates, and limb salvage rates. Patients who underwent single procedure of surgery or intervention were excluded. The mean age was 72.48 years old and 92.1% were male. The primary and secondary patency rates at 24 months were 67.3 and 72.1%, respectively. The preoperative mean ABI of 0.51 ± 0.27 increased to postoperative mean ABI of 0.88 ± 0.35. The limb salvage rate was 95.3%. Major amputation was performed in 2 out of 43 limbs. There was no early postoperative mortality. The simultaneous hybrid operation for multilevel revascularization may be feasible to treat in multilevel PAD with high technical success and limb salvage rates, thus providing an attractive alternative to larger open surgery or endovascular procedures.

Purpose To evaluate the safety and efficacy of additional aspiration thrombectomy (AT) or pharmacomechanical thrombectomy (PMT) after catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) for the treatment of acute iliofemoral deep vein thrombosis (AIFDVT). Materials and Methods Between May 2017 and December 2018, 40 patients with AIFDVT were enrolled. Twenty underwent AT after CDT (CDTAT), while the remaining 20 underwent PMT using an AngioJet TM device after CDT (CDTPMT). Thrombus clearance was assessed using computed tomography venography at 1 week after the procedure, as follows grade I, ≤50%; grade II, 51% to 75%; grade III, >75%. Grade III was considered a successful outcome. Treatment outcomes (thrombus clearance, thrombolytic therapy duration, urokinase dose, major complications, residual filter thrombosis, and Villalta score) were compared between the groups. Results Successful thrombus clearance was achieved in 95% of the patients in both groups. Significant decreases in the thrombolytic therapy duration (P=0.018) and urokinase dose (P=0.014) were noted in the CDTPMT group. Major complications were not noted in both groups. Residual filter thrombi >10 mm were found in 6 filters in the CDTAT group and in 1 filter in the CDTPMT group (P=0.038). The Villalta scores at 6 months were 1.47±1.24 and 1.12±0.92 in the CDTAT and CDTPMT groups, respectively (P=0.372). Conclusion Both methods may be safe and effective management options for patients with AIFDVT. CDTPMT can reduce urokinase dosage, time and remained filter thrombus compared to CDTAT. Studies conducted in the future should compare the effects of overnight CDT followed by PMT with those of single-session PMT on patients with AIFDVT.