Objectives: The objective of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to assess the effects of including critical care pharmacists in multidisciplinary ICU teams on clinical outcomes including mortality, ICU length of stay, and adverse drug events. Data Sources: PubMed, EMBASE, and references from previous relevant systematic studies. Study Selection: We included randomized controlled trials and nonrandomized studies that reported clinical outcomes such as mortality, ICU length of stay, and adverse drug events in groups with and without critical care pharmacist interventions. Data Extraction: We extracted study details, patient characteristics, and clinical outcomes. Data Synthesis: From the 4,725 articles identified as potentially eligible, 14 were included in the analysis. Intervention of critical care pharmacists as part of the multidisciplinary ICU team care was significantly associated with the reduced likelihood of mortality (odds ratio, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.73–0.83; p < 0.00001) compared with no intervention. The mean difference in ICU length of stay was –1.33 days (95% CI, –1.75 to –0.90 d; p < 0.00001) for mixed ICUs. The reduction of adverse drug event prevalence was also significantly associated with multidisciplinary team care involving pharmacist intervention (odds ratio for preventable and nonpreventable adverse drug events, 0.26; 95% CI, 0.15–0.44; p < 0.00001 and odds ratio, 0.47; 95% CI, 0.28–0.77; p = 0.003, respectively). Conclusions: Including critical care pharmacists in the multidisciplinary ICU team improved patient outcomes including mortality, ICU length of stay in mixed ICUs, and preventable/nonpreventable adverse drug events.

Objective. To evaluate hospital pharmacy preceptors' perceptions of preceptorship and to explore the factors that might influence their stress and satisfaction after joining the newly implemented six-year pharmacy program in South Korea. Methods.A nationwide, cross-sectional, self-administered online survey was conducted for preceptors at hospital pharmacy practice sites in 2015, using a 47-item survey instrument.Results. Among 601 preceptors in 63 hospital pharmacies, 395 preceptors from 36 hospitals responded to the survey (response rate: preceptor 65.7%; site 57.1%). Preceptors reported a high stress and PAP Manuscript A J P E A c c e p t e d D r a f t moderate role satisfaction and likelihood of continuing preceptorship. Workload was a major cause of stress and a barrier for continuing preceptorship, whereas improvement of professional knowledge and performance ability was considered the most important benefit and motivation of preceptorship.Monetary rewards were the most valuable incentive. Extra work hours used for precepting was a significant positive covariate for stress, while willingness to engage in preceptorship was a negative covariate for stress and positive covariate for satisfaction. Self-perceived assessments of preceptors' competencies showed moderate performance and, following an Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA), passion for teaching students and professional role model was identified as items in need of improvement.Conclusion. This study investigated relevant issues associated with preceptors under new experiential education. The findings will help to enhance the quality of hospital pharmacy experiential education.