We examined the influence of land use change, tillage system and soil texture on organic carbon (C) stocks and on organic matter composition of tropical and subtropical soils from Brazil at four long-term experiments (11-25 years) based on fine-and coarse-textured soils. Soil samples were collected from the 0-5, 5-10 and 10-20 cm layers of conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) plots, and of the adjoining soil under native vegetation (NV) of Cerrado (tropical) or grassland (subtropical). Conversion of NV to CT resulted in losses of 7-29% of the original C stock of 0-20 cm; conversion to NT increased this C stock by 0-12% compared with CT. Organic matter composition of the 0-5 cm layer, assessed by solid state CPMAS-13 C-NMR, ESR and laser induced fluorescence spectroscopies, was affected by land use and tillage systems. Conversion of NV to CT decreased O-alkyl and increased aromatic, carbonyl, aromatic/O-alkyl ratio, free radicals concentration and fluorescence signal. The opposite trend was observed when NT replaced CT. The relative losses and gains of C and qualitative changes resulting from land use and tillage were less evident in fine-than in coarse-textured soils, suggesting a greater resistance and a smaller resilience of fine-compared with coarse-textured soils. The direct relation between increase in C stock and increase in potentially labile moieties (e.g. O-alkyl) and the decrease in more recalcitrant moieties (e.g. aromatics) in NT soils suggests that spatial inaccessibility by aggregates is playing a major role, compared with selective preservation, in promoting C accumulation in NT soils.
Com o objetivo de estudar a influência da cultura de cobertura do solo antecessora sobre os componentes de produção da cultura do milho, desenvolveu-se um experimento em um Latossolo Vermelho distroférrico no Núcleo Experimental de Ciências Agrárias - NCA, da Universidade Federal do Mato Grosso do Sul - UFMS, Campus de Dourados - MS. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, com os tratamentos arranjados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. As parcelas experimentais foram constituídas pelas culturas antecessoras (ervilhaca peluda e nabo forrageiro) e as subparcelas foram representadas por cinco doses de nitrogênio em cobertura (0, 50, 100, 150 e 200 kg de N ha-1) na cultura do milho, divididas em duas aplicações, nos estádios de quatro e de oito folhas. As culturas antecessoras apresentam efeitos diferenciados sobre os componentes de produção do milho cultivado subseqüentemente. A ervilhaca peluda é mais efetiva do que o nabo forrageiro quanto às características de: matéria seca da parte aérea, diâmetro da espiga, peso de mil grãos e teor de nitrogênio nos grãos de milho. Independente da cultura antecessora, a adição de nitrogênio eleva a produtividade de grãos de milho.
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