Emissions of methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) based on the feeding systems of 104 dairy farms in Costa Rica were estimated using IPCC procedures. This study indicated that farmers' decisions, which determine the feeding strategies for lactating cows, have a substantial impact on CH4 emissions per kg of milk. Lower CH4 emissions per kg milk were estimated on farms with high-producing cows consuming rations with lower neutral detergent fiber concentrations and higher amounts of concentrates. Hours spent in pasture did not influence estimated grass intake or CH4 emissions. However, higher feed efficiency appeared to be a key factor in reducing CH4 emissions per kg of milk. The study also showed that higher N2O emissions were associated with higher amounts of commercial nitrogen fertilizer application; however, the main source of N2O emissions was from the manure deposited during the grazing period. Future approaches to reduce farm gate emissions of CH4 per kg of milk in specialized dairy farms could include incorporating dietary fats in rations, feeding adequate amounts of concentrates and feeding forage at a more digestible stage. These findings are strongly influenced by the assumptions made in calculating CH4 and N2O emissions but do highlight the critical areas which affect greenhouse gas emissions.Keywords: Feed efficiency, fertilization, forage, manure, methane, nitrous oxide. ResumenSe estimaron las emisiones de metano (CH4) y óxido nitroso (N2O) en 104 granjas lecheras en Costa Rica, utilizando los procedimientos del IPCC. El estudio indica que las decisiones de los productores respecto a las estrategias de alimentación de sus vacas en ordeño tienen un impacto sustancial en las emisiones de CH4 por kg de leche. Se estimaron emisiones de CH4 bajas por kg de leche en aquellas granjas donde las vacas de alta producción consumían raciones con concentraciones menores de fibra detergente neutro y cantidades mayores de concentrados. Las horas dedicadas al pastoreo no influyeron en las estimaciones del consumo de pasto ni en las emisiones de CH4. Sin embargo, una mayor eficiencia alimenticia parecía ser un factor clave en la reducción de las emisiones de CH4 por kg de leche. El estudio también mostró que emisiones de N2O más altas estaban asociadas con la aplicación de mayores cantidades de fertilizantes comerciales de nitrógeno. Sin embargo, la principal fuente de emisiones de N2O fueron las excretas de las vacas durante el pastoreo. Futuras estrategias para reducir, a nivel de granja, las emisiones de CH4 por kg de leche en las explotaciones lecheras especializadas, podrían incluir la incorporación de grasas alimenticias en las raciones, alimentación con cantidades adecuadas de concentrados y alimentación con forrajes más digeribles. Aunque estos resultados estén fuertemente influenciados por los supuestos que se emplean en los cálculos de las emisiones de CH4 y N2O, sí realzan las áreas críticas que determinan las emisiones de gases de efecto invernadero a nivel de granja lechera.Palabras clave: Efi...
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