No abstract

In this research, we summarize the results of a practical study of index options based on the option valuation model which was proposed by Siu and Yang (Acta Math. Appl. Sin. Engl. Ser., 25(3) (2009), pp. 339-388), where an EMM kernel is integrated which takes into account all risk components of a regime-switching model. Further, the regime-switching risk of an economy in the options is priced using a hidden Markov regime-switching model with the risky underlying asset being modulated by a discrete-time, finite-state, hidden Markov chain whose states represent the hidden states of an economy. We apply such a model to the pricing of Hang Seng Index options based on the realworld financial data from October 2009 to October 2010 (i.e., for the year in which the model was proposed). We employed the entropy martingale measure (EMM) approach proposed by Siu and Yang (Acta Math. Appl. Sin. Engl. Ser., 25(3) (2009), pp. 339-388) to determine the optimal martingale measure for the Markov-modulated GBM. In addition, we have proposed a numerical technique called the weighted difference method to compliment the EMM approach. We have also verified the extended jump-diffusion model under regime-switching that we proposed recently (Int. J. Finan. Eng., 6(4) (2019), 1950038) using the 50ETF options which are obtained from Shanghai Stock Exchange covering a time span from January 2018 to December 2022. Further, we have highlighted the challenges for the EMM kernel-based Markov regime-switching model for pricing the out-of-the-money index options in the real world.