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The coefficient of electrical resistance of manganin was measured under shock loading and ramp unloading. We made 64 measurements of loading stress in the 1.3–40.5-GPa range and 22 measurements of unloading stress in the 1.9–23.2-GPa range. The average loading coefficient was 14% larger than the average unloading coefficient—a clear measure of resistance hysteresis. The source of the hysteresis is attributed to an irreversible resistance change in manganin caused by shock damage. We present techniques to correct for the effects of this irreversible resistance change. With this correction, both loading and unloading levels showed the same average coefficient of resistance 0.0221±0.004 per GPa. Our unified calibration procedure can be very useful for analyzing complex stress signals that are produced, for example, by reactive shock waves.

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We describe new techniques that permit the use of low-impedance manganin stress gauges in chemically reacting shock waves in the 1.0–40.0 GPa range. The rugged, small, and fast response gauge has reproducibility better than 2% when used in conjunction with a pulsed bridge circuit and adjustable, current-regulated power supplies. Techniques are presented for fabricating the transducer package, calibrating the bridge circuit and oscilloscopes, designing the drive system, and reducing the data. Data are presented for planar impact experiments performed with a 102-mm gas gun on high-explosive samples. In particular, we directly measured the Chapman-Jouquet pressure in the explosive RX03-BB [92.5% triaminotrinitrobenzene (TATB)/7.5% polychlorotrifluoroethylene (Kel-F binder)] as 28.2±0.6 GPa. These new developments open the possibility of applying low-impedance manganin gauges in chemically reactive hydrodynamic flows such as the evolution of a shock wave into a detonation wave.

The ignition and growth model of the reactive flow d u r i n g shock i n i t i a t i o n and detonation wave propagation i n the heterogeneous sol i d explosives PBX-9404 and LX-17 i s compared t o recent embedded p a r t i c l e velocity and stress gauge measurements i n detonati ny PBX-9404 and Fabry-Perot f r e e surface velocity measurements of t h i n metal pl a t e s accelerated by detonating PBX-9404 and LX-17. The overall agreement between the numerical calculations and the various experiinental records, which have time resolutions i n the nanosecond regime, i s very good. The regions o f disagreement emphasize some of the processes involved i n reactive flow and metal acceleration t h a t a r e not f u l l y understood and directions f o r future experimental and model i ny work. calculational r e s u l t s a r e a1 so compared t o some previously reported back surface p a r t i c l e velocity yauye and f r e e surface These new experimental and v e l o c i t y measurements f o r detonating PBX-9404. records and the numerical r e s u l t s c l e a r l y demonstrate t h a t detonating PBX-9404 a t t a i n s p a r t i c l e v e l o c i t i e s and pressures i n excess o f t h e Chapman-Jouyuet (CJ) values i n l e s s than t e n m i l l i m e t e r s a f t e r detonation has been established and t h a t the r e s u l t i n g detonation r e a c t i o n zone has a steady p r o f i l e f o r i t s e n t i r e l e n g t h o f propagation.