Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome-Corona Virus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) induced Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) cases have been increasing at an alarming rate (7.4 million positive cases as on June 11 2020), causing high mortality (4,17,956 deaths as on June 11 2020) and economic loss (a 3.2% shrink in global economy in 2020) across 212 countries globally. The clinical manifestations of this disease are pneumonia, lung injury, inflammation, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Currently, there is no vaccine or effective pharmacological agents available for the prevention/treatment of SARS-CoV2 infections. Moreover, development of a suitable vaccine is a challenging task due to antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE) and Th-2 immunopathology, which aggravates infection with SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, the emerging SARS-CoV-2 strain exhibits several distinct genomic and structural patterns compared to other coronavirus strains, making the development of a suitable vaccine even more difficult. Therefore, the identification of novel small molecule inhibitors (NSMIs) that can interfere with viral entry or viral propagation is of special interest and is vital in managing already infected cases. SARS-CoV-2 infection is mediated by the binding of viral Spike proteins (S-protein) to human cells through a 2-step process, which involves Angiotensin Converting Enzyme-2 (ACE2) and Transmembrane Serine Protease (TMPRSS)-2. Therefore, the development of novel inhibitors of ACE2/TMPRSS2 is likely to be beneficial in combating SARS-CoV-2 infections. However, the usage of ACE-2 inhibitors to block the SARS-CoV-2 viral entry requires additional studies as there are conflicting findings and severe health complications reported for these inhibitors in patients. Hence, the current interest is shifted toward the development of NSMIs, which includes natural antiviral phytochemicals Beeraka et al. Strategies for Targeting SARS-CoV-2: NSMIs and Nrf-2 activators to manage a SARS-CoV-2 infection. It is imperative to investigate the efficacy of existing antiviral phytochemicals and Nrf-2 activators to mitigate the SARS-CoV-2-mediated oxidative stress. Therefore, in this review, we have reviewed structural features of SARS-CoV-2 with special emphasis on key molecular targets and their known modulators that can be considered for the development of NSMIs.
This review focuses on pathogenesis of endometriosis, its possible biomarkers and role in endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer. We analyzed various databases to obtain new insights, theories, and biomarkers associated with endometriosis. There are several theories of endometriosis development and biomarker changes including atypical forms. A number of studies have attempted to establish specific, reliable biomarkers to help diagnose endometriosis and endometriosis-associated diseases on the basis of different pathogenetic pathways. Nevertheless, despite intensive research extending even to the molecular level, the origin, natural history, malignant transformation, and laboratory management of endometriosis and related diseases are not yet clearly defined. Therefore, early laboratory diagnoses of endometriosis, its atypical form, and Digital Features To view digital features for this article go to
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Clinical manifestations of stroke are long-lasting and causing economic burden on the patients and society. Current therapeutic modalities to treat ischemic stroke (IS) are unsatisfactory due to the intricate pathophysiology and poor functional recovery of brain cellular compartment. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are endogenously expressed small non-coding RNA molecules, which can act as translation inhibitors and play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology associated with IS. Moreover, miRNAs may be used as potential diagnostic and therapeutic tools in clinical practice; yet, the complete role of miRNAs is enigmatic during IS. In this review, we explored the role of miRNAs in the regulation of stroke risk factors viz., arterial hypertension, metabolic disorders, and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, the role of miRNAs were reviewed during IS pathogenesis accompanied by excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and Alzheimer’s disease. The functional role of miRNAs is a double-edged sword effect in cerebral ischemia as they could modulate pathological mechanisms associated with risk factors of IS. miRNAs pertaining to IS pathogenesis could be potential biomarkers for stroke; they could help researchers to identify a particular stroke type and enable medical professionals to evaluate the severity of brain injury. Thus, ascertaining the role of miRNAs may be useful in deciphering their diagnostic role consequently it is plausible to envisage a suitable therapeutic modality against IS.
Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт пульмонологии» Федерального медико-биологического агентства: 115682, Россия, Москва, Ореховый бульвар, 28 2 Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения города Москвы «Московский клинический научно-практический центр имени А.С.Логинова» Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы: 111123, Россия, Москва, шоссе Энтузиастов, 86 3 Федеральное государственное бюджетное научное учреждение «Научно-исследовательский институт морфологии человека»: 117418, Россия, Москва, ул. Цюрупы, 3 4 Федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Российский национальный исследовательский медицинский университет имени Н.И.Пирогова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации: 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Островитянова, 1 5 Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения города Москвы «Городская клиническая больница № 1 имени Н.И.Пирогова Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»: 117049, Россия, Москва, Ленинский просп., 8 6 Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Московский государственный медико-стоматологический университет имени А.И.Евдокимова» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации: 127473, Россия, Москва, ул. Делегатская, 20, стр. 1 7 Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение «Национальный медицинский исследовательский центр хирургии имени А.В.Вишневского» Министерства здравоохранения Российской Федерации: 117997, Россия, Москва, ул. Б. Серпуховская, 27 8 Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения города Москвы «Городская клиническая больница имени И.В.Давыдовского Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»: 109240, Россия, Москва, Яузская ул., 11 9 Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения «Городская больница № 52» Департамента здравоохранения Москвы: 123182, Россия, Москва, ул. Пехотная, 3 10 Государственное бюджетное учреждение здравоохранения города Москвы «Инфекционная клиническая больница №2 Департамента здравоохранения города Москвы»: 105275, Россия, Москва, 8-я улица Соколиной горы, 15 11 Клиническая больница № 1 Акционерного общества Группы компаний «МЕДСИ»: 143442, Россия, Московская область, городской округ Красногорск, пос. Отрадное, вл. 2, стр. 1 Резюме Целью статьи явилось изучение особенностей морфологических изменений в легких у умерших от COVID-19 в Москве за период 20.03.20-06.06.20. Материалы и методы. Проанализирован аутопсийный материал легких умерших от коронавирусной инфекции COVID-19 больных (n = 123: 54 женщины, 69 мужчин; средний возраст-71 (30-94) год; продолжительность заболевания-14 (3-65) суток), подтвержденной методом полимеразной цепной реакции. Проанализированы медицинские карты всех стационарных больных и все протоколы вскрытий. По данным всех наблюдений оценены макро-и микроскопические изменения в легких. Результаты. Патоморфологические изменения в легких соответствовали различным фазам диффузного альвеолярного повреждения (ДАП). Экссудативная фаза ДАП выявлена у 54 (43,...
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