Diffuse lipomatosis of the thyroid gland is a very rare disease, characterized by extensive infiltration of thyroid parenchyma by mature adipose tissue, usually not accompanied by amyloid fibrils deposition. The pathophysiology of adipose tissue infiltration in the thyroid gland remains unknown. We report a clinical case of a diffuse thyroid lipomatosis, whose immunohistochemical study of succinate dehydrogenase - subunit B (SDHB) revealed loss of expression of this protein in the follicular or adipose cells. We detected the presence of a recently described SDHB gene large deletion. Loss of mitochondrial SDHB expression may have a key role in understanding the pathophysiology of thyrolipomatosis, by regulating status of lipid metabolism.

abnormality, an ultrasound and a computed tomography were performed which showed a right aberrant subclavian artery with a retroesophageal course and a common trunk of the common carotids in both patients. Discussion and Conclusion: The presence of an NRLN is a major risk during surgical procedures and the surgeon should be aware of the possibility of its existence. NRLN may be associated with rare vascular anomalies, such as arteria lusoria and a bicarotid trunk. This paper reveals this association in 2 patients for the first time. Key Words Recurrent laryngeal nerve · Thyroid surgery · Vascular anomalies · PredictionAbstract Introduction: A nonrecurrent laryngeal nerve (NRLN) is a rare anatomical variation in which the nerve enters the larynx directly off the cervical vagus nerve. Case Report: We present 2 patients who underwent thyroid surgery for benign disease. Intraoperatively, type 2a and 1 NRLN were identified. Due to the frequent association with a vascular

Quantitative parameters concerning synapses were studied in the cerebellar molecular layer of 4 cats using ultrastructural morphometric methods. The number of parallel fibre-Purkinje dendrite synapses was estimated to be about 200,000.

Background Liposarcomas are neoplasms of mesodermic origin derived from adipose tissue. Metastases at the time of initial presentation are uncommon, and the spread to regional nodes is extremely infrequent. The aim of this work is to present a rare case of a giant liposarcoma, presenting with regional lymph node extension, and composed of three different histological subtypes and present a systematic review of all the cases described in the literature of liposarcoma with lymphatic extension.Methods A 71-year-old woman presented with a giant retroperitoneal liposarcoma with lymph node invasion. Excision of the tumor en bloc with right radical nephrectomy and lymphadenectomy was performed. Histological analysis revealed a mixed-type liposarcoma consisting of well-differentiated, myxoid, and pleomorphic components, and lymph node involvement. A systematic review of the literature of the cases of liposarcoma with lymph node involvement was performed.Results This is the first description of a retroperitoneal liposarcoma with lymphatic involvement. There are only seven articles, including 9 patients, in literature describing lymph node invasion of liposarcomas. The majority are dedifferentiated liposarcomas.Conclusions Giant retroperitoneal liposarcomas with mixed histological pattern and lymph node invasion are rare presentation in the literature and associated with a poor prognosis. The available data are spare, and our understanding of these tumors is limited, with no known effective therapy. ReviewLiposarcoma with lymph node spread: a case presentation and a systematic review of the literature 95

The influence that thyroid hormones have on the development of the cerebellar cortex is well known. Their absence in adults leads to important functional changes probably related to abnormalities in nerve terminal activity, although no morphological alterations have hitherto been described. Using ultrastructural morphometric methods, we have studied the effects of thyroidectomy on the cerebellar cortex mossy fiber terminals of adult rats with different survival periods. No significant changes in the volume and surface area of these terminals were found. The numbers of synaptic vesicles in groups 7, 15 and 30 days after thyroidectomy were significantly greater than in controls. A significant increase in coated pit formation was found when thyroidectomized groups were compared with controls. This increase is due to the lack of thyroxin since it can be counteracted by thyroxin administration. Whether this increased coated pit formation is a membrane retrieval mechanism or is related to the uptake of extracellular molecules remains to be determined.