ABSTRACT. Several sounding rockets carrying plasma diagnostic experiments were launched from the Brazilian rocket launching stations in Natal (5.9 • S, 35.2 • W Geog. Lat.) and Alcântara (2.31 • S, 44.4 • W Geog. Lat.). Langmuir Probes (LP) were used to measure the height profiles of electron density and electron temperature and High Frequency Capacitance (HFC) probes were used to measure electron density. The LP's were also used to measure the amplitude of electron density fluctuations.A detailed study of the characteristic features of electron density irregularities in the scale size range of less than a meter to a few kilometres, observed by rocket-borne electron density probes under different ionospheric conditions is presented here. The main objective of these studies is the identification of these irregularities from the point of view of the dynamic and electrodynamic processes responsible for their generation. The existing theories of the Rayleigh Taylor Instability (RTI) mechanism applicable for conditions of the geomagnetic equatorial ionosphere over Brazil are critically examined in the light of the observations. The observed characteristics of the irregularities during four rocket launches are compared with the theoretically expected characteristics. These results confirm the operation of a cascade process that is responsible for the generation of a wide spectrum of irregularities. The large-scale irregularities are first generated probably by the RTI mechanism that creates conditions favourable for the operation of the Cross-Field (CFI) or the Gradient Drift Instability (GDI) mechanism. From the k-spectra of irregularities it is possible to obtain the spectral index n corresponding to the height chosen. In most of the cases the estimated spectral indices agree well with those published in the literature for the cases of irregularities generated by the GDI mechanism.Keywords: space plasma, ionosphere, F-region, Rayleigh-Taylor instability, Cross-Field instability. RESUMO. Vários foguetes de sondagem carregando experimentos de diagnóstico de plasma foram lançados dos centros Brasileiros de lançamento de foguetesem Natal (5.9 • S, 35.2 • O Lat. Geog.) e Alcântara (2.31 • S, 44.4 • O Lat. Geog.). Sondas de Langmuir (LP) foram usadas para medir os perfis de densidade e temperatura do plasma e Sondas Capacitivas em Alta Freqüência (HFC) foram usadas para medir a densidade eletrônica. As LP's foram usadas também para medir a amplitude das flutuações de densidade eletrônica. Um estudo detalhado dos aspectos característicos das irregularidades de densidade eletrônica da escala de menos de um metro a alguns quilômetros, observadas pelas sondas de densidade eletrônica a bordo dos foguetes sob condições diferentes da ionosferaé apresentado aqui.O objetivo principal destes estudosé a identificação destas irregularidades do ponto de vista dos processos dinâmicos e eletrodinâmicos responsáveis pela geração delas. As teorias existentes do mecanismo de instabilidade de Rayleigh-Taylor aplicáveis para as condições da ...

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ABSTRACT. The height variation of the ionospheric electron density was measured with rocket-borne electron density probes from Alcântara (2.31 • S; 35.2 • W) in Brazil. A Black Brant X sounding rocket was launched on 14-th October 1994 at 19h55min (LT) to investigate the phenomenon of high-altitude equatorial spread-F events. Ground equipments were operated during the campaign to ensure that the rocket was launched under conditions favorable for the generation of plasma bubbles in the F-region. The electron density was measured by three different types of probes. A High Frequency Capacitance probe (HFC) gave density data with low height resolution, while a conventional Langmuir Probe (LP) and a Plasma Frequency Probe (PFP) measured the electron density and the spatial fluctuations in it. The k-spectra of the plasma irregularities were obtained by the spectral analysis of the electron density fluctuation data. An important feature observed was the continuous presence of plasma irregularities of a large range of vertical scale sizes in the altitude range of 340 km to 817 km. The electron number density varied considerably in these spatial structures, for example a decrease by a factor of 2.6 in a vertical extension of 1 km near the altitude of 497 km. Near 535 km altitude the electron density increased by a factor of 1.8 within a height range of 2.7 km. Density structures of vertical scale sizes in the range of hundreds of meters also were observed superposed on the large-scale structures. During the rocket upleg two height regions of intense irregularities were observed, one between 366 and 480 km and the other between 684 and 812 km. The Langmuir Probe (LP) could make measurements of irregularities of vertical scale sizes more than 8 m in these height ranges, while the Plasma Frequency Probe, could make measurements of irregularities of vertical scale sizes as small as 0.5 m. Spectral features of these irregularities as observed by the two plasma probes at different height regions are presented and discussed here.Keywords: ionosphere, space plasma, plasma irregularities, rocket measurements, plasma density probes. RESUMO.A variação com altura da densidade eletrônica na ionosfera foi medida com sondas de densidade eletrônica a bordo de foguetes de Alcântara (2.31 • S; 35.2 • O) no Brasil. Um foguete de sondagem "Black Brant X" foi lançado no dia 14 de outubro de 1994às 19h55min (LT) para investigar o fenômeno de Espalhamento-F na alta ionosfera equatorial. Equipamentos foram operados na superfície terrestre durante a campanha para assegurar que o foguete foi lançado nas condições favoráveis pela geração das bolhas de plasma na região-F. A densidade eletrônica foi medida por três tipos diferentes de sondas. Uma sonda capacitiva em alta freqüência (HFC) forneceu os dados de densidade eletrônica de baixa resolução, quando uma sonda de Langmuir (LP) convencional e uma sonda de freqüência de plasma (PFP) mediram a densidade e as flutuações espaciais nela. Os espectros-k das irregularidades de plasma foram obtidas pela...

Several sounding rockets carrying plasma diagnostic experiments were launched from the Brazilian rocket launching stations in Natal (5.9 • S, 35.2 • W Geog. Lat.) and Alcântara (2.31 • S, 44.4 • W Geog. Lat.). Langmuir Probes (LP) were used to measure the height profiles of electron density and electron temperature and High Frequency Capacitance (HFC) probes were used to measure electron density. The LP's were also used to measure the amplitude of electron density fluctuations.A detailed study of the characteristic features of electron density irregularities in the scale size range of less than a meter to a few kilometres, observed by rocket-borne electron density probes under different ionospheric conditions is presented here. The main objective of these studies is the identification of these irregularities from the point of view of the dynamic and electrodynamic processes responsible for their generation. The existing theories of the Rayleigh Taylor Instability (RTI) mechanism applicable for conditions of the geomagnetic equatorial ionosphere over Brazil are critically examined in the light of the observations. The observed characteristics of the irregularities during four rocket launches are compared with the theoretically expected characteristics. These results confirm the operation of a cascade process that is responsible for the generation of a wide spectrum of irregularities. The large-scale irregularities are first generated probably by the RTI mechanism that creates conditions favourable for the operation of the Cross-Field (CFI) or the Gradient Drift Instability (GDI) mechanism. From the k-spectra of irregularities it is possible to obtain the spectral index n corresponding to the height chosen. In most of the cases the estimated spectral indices agree well with those published in the literature for the cases of irregularities generated by the GDI mechanism.

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