RESUMO -Os objetivos deste trabalho foram estimar o consumo de matéria seca de animais pastejando três cultivares de Panicum maximum e relacioná-lo com ganho de peso, tempo de pastejo (TP) e algumas características químicas e estruturais do pasto. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos casualizados com três tratamentos e três repetições. O consumo voluntário de matéria seca (CVMS) foi estimado em quatro ocasiões (maio, setembro, novembro e fevereiro). Para calcular a produção de fezes, foi usado o óxido crômico como marcador externo. Foram estimados a digestibilidade in situ da matéria seca e o tempo de pastejo, respectivamente, por intermédio de extrusas e tacógrafos. Foram estimadas as disponibilidades da forragem e dos componentes da planta. Apesar de os CVMS pelos animais terem sido semelhantes entre as cultivares, foram observadas maiores diferenças nos ganhos de peso, para os animais pastejando o capim Tanzânia, seguidos daqueles pastejando os capins Colonião e Tobiatã. Diferenças também foram observadas entre as cultivares para TP, que foi menor para os animais em pasto de Tobiatã, quando comparados aos que pastejaram as outras duas cultivares. O aumento no TP observado durante o período da seca não foi suficiente para impedir queda no consumo de forragem neste período. O CVMS foi correlacionado (r 2 = 0,77) com ganho diário de peso. As características estruturais das pastagens, disponibilidade de folhas e relação material verde:material morto, influenciaram mais o CVMS, ganho de peso diário e TP que os valores nutritivos das mesmas.Palavras-chave: Cerrado, colonião, disponibilidade de forragem, ganho de peso diário, tempo de pastejo, valor nutritivo Voluntary Intake of Three Cultivars of Panicum maximum under GrazingABSTRACT -The objectives of this work were to estimate the dry matter intake by animals grazing three cultivars of Panicum maximum, and to relate it to live weight gain, grazing time (GT) and some structural and chemical characteristics of the pastures. The experimental design was the randomized block with three treatments and three replicates. The dry matter voluntary intake (DMVI) was estimated in four periods (May, September, November and February). Fecal output was measured using chromic oxide as an external marker. In situ dry matter digestibility was estimated from extrusa obtained by esophageal fistulated animals, and grazing time was registered by vibracorders. Also, forage availability and plant components were estimated. Greater differences in live weight gains were observed, for the animals grazing Tanzânia followed by those grazing Colonião and Tobiatã, although DMVI among cultivars were similar. There were also smaller differences among cultivars for the GT for animals grazing Tobiatã as compared to those grazing the other two cultivars. The increase in the GT observed during the dry season was not enough to avoid a decrease in the forage intake, during the same period. The VIDM was highly correlated (r 2 = 0.77) with daily live weight gains. Structural characteristics of th...

The effect of method of conserving grass herbage and the frequency of feeding on digestion in and passage from the rumen was studied in growing cattle. A single sward of perennial ryegrass (Loliurn pevenne cv. Endura) was cut on 1 d and conserved as silage or hay. These forages were offered as the only feed to twelve rumen-cannulated Friesian steers (average initial live weight (LW) 128 kg) either at a restricted level of intake (20 g dry matter (DM)/kg LW; Expt 1) or ad lib. (Expt 2). In Expt 1 the forages were offered either once or eight times daily. When fed once or eight times daily, in vivo digestibility of DM was very similar for hay and silage (0.771 and 0.783 respectively), while the fractional rate of digestion measured by incubation in Dacron bags was significantly (P < 0.05) higher for silage (0.069) than hay (0.057). The rate of passage of mordanted feed out of the rumen was significantly (P < 0.01) faster for silage when determined from concentrations of marker in the rumen (0.034 I). 0.028 /h). The volume of liquid in the rumen was lower (P < 0.01) for animals consuming silage (27.51) compared with hay (37.11), while the fractional rate of passage of liquid from the rumen was higher (0.141 v. 0.098 /h, P < 0.05). The volume of liquid in the rumen was also lower (P < 0.05) in steers offered feed eight times daily (29.5 I), compared with once daily (35.1 I), but frequency of feeding had no significant effect either on total digestibility or on rate of digestion in the rumen. The ad lib. intake of silage was significantly (P < 0.01) lower than that of hay (4.53 v. 5.16 kg DM/d) in Expt 2.

RESUMO -Este estudo foi conduzido para avaliar o milho (Zea mays L.) AG 1051 e os sorgos (Sorghum bicolor, (L.) Moench) AG 2006 e BR 303, para produção de silagem, e verificar o efeito da substituição do farelo de soja por uréia (0, 50 e 100%), nas rações concentradas para bovinos confinados. As silagens foram usadas em dois experimentos e os animais foram distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado. No primeiro, 72 bovinos mestiços F1 Pardo Suíço x Nelore, inteiros, com 20 meses de idade e 412 kg PV, foram distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 3 x 3 (silagem de milho e de sorgos e nível de substituição do farelo de soja por uréia). No segundo, 48 novilhos Nelore, com 34 meses e 378 kg PV, foram distribuídos em arranjo fatorial 2 x 3 (silagem de sorgos e nível de substituição do farelo de soja por uréia). Não houve diferença entre as forragens quanto às produções/ha de matéria seca total e de folha, colmo e à relação espiga/panícula. As plantas de milho e sorgo BR 303 apresentaram cerca de 53% de espiga/panícula quando comparado a 45% do sorgo AG 2006. Não houve interação entre as silagens e a fonte de nitrogênio. A silagem de milho propiciou melhor desempenho para os animais mestiços. Economicamente, o melhor resultado foi obtido com o uso da silagem de milho e do farelo de soja. O desempenho dos animais Nelores não foi influenciado pelo tipo de silagem e pela fonte de nitrogênio. Não houve diferença no retorno econômico para as silagens. Contudo, para as fontes de nitrogênio, o maior retorno economico foi obtido com o uso da uréia, seguido da mistura farelo de soja + uréia e, por último, com o farelo de soja.Palavras-chave: bovino de corte, confinamento, cruzamento, farelo de soja, forragem, milho, Nelore, silagem, sorgo, uréia Animal Performance and Evaluation of Forage Potential Production for Silage Making by Means of Different Sources of Nitrogen SupplementationABSTRACT -This study was conducted to evaluate the corn (Zea mays L.) AG 1051 and the sorghums (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) AG 2006 and BR 303, for silage production, and the effect of substitution of soybean meal by urea (0,50 and 100%) in the concentrated diets for feedlot cattle. The silages were used in two experiments and the animals were alloted to a completely experimental design. In the first, 72 F1 crossbred Brown Swiss x Nellore bulls, with 20 months of age and 412 kg LW were distributed to a 3x3 factorial arrangement (corn silage and sorghums silage and level of substitution of soybean meal by urea). In the second, 48 Nellore steers, with 34 month of age and 378 kg LW, were allotted to a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement (sorghum silage and level of substitution of soybean by urea). There were no differences between the forages as for production/ha of total dry matter and leaves, stem and of ear/panicle ratio. The corn and sorghum BR 303 plants presented about 53% of ear/panicle ratio as compared to 45% of the sorghum AG 2006. There was no interaction between the silage and the nitrogen source. The corn silage provided better...

The influence of the method of conserving grass herbage and the frequency of feeding on eating behaviour, rumen motility and rumen fill was studied in growing steers. Silage and hay were offered to twelve rumen-cannulated Friesian steers (average initial live weight (LW) 128 kg) at a restricted level of intake (20 g dry matter (DM)/kg LW) either once or eight times daily. With once daily feeding, the daily intake of hay was consumed in a single large meal which lasted about 2 h, while silage was eaten in many small meals throughout the day. The proportion of the day spent ruminating was higher (0.39) for steers offered hay once daily than for those offered silage (0.28) or hay eight times per day (0.29). There was little effect of conservation method on frequency of rumen contraction, but contractile intensity (integration of frequency and amplitude) increased during the second half of the 24 h feeding cycle in steers offered hay either once daily or eight times daily, while the same effect was only observed when silage was offered once daily. Total daily contractile activity (the integration of the frequency and duration of myoelectric spike bursts) was significantly (P less than 0.05) higher in steers offered hay, compared with silage, once daily. The mean weight of organic matter in the reticulo-rumen of steers offered hay was significantly higher than for silage both with once (1593 v. 1326 g organic matter (OM)/100 kg LW, P less than 0.01) and eight (1367 v. 1160 g OM/100 kg LW, P less than 0.05) times daily feeding. The proportion of the particulate pool which was present as small (less than 1.2 mm) particles was always greater than 0.60.

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