Abstract Objective: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of Pranayama exercises on the breath-holding capacity of soccer players. Method: A total of thirty male soccer players (age 18 – 25 years) were selected from Manipur University, Canchipur, Imphal, Manipur (India) who participated in the national-level competition. The subjects were randomly assigned into two equal groups, the experimental group (n=15) and the control group (n=15). The groups were measured before the intervention with the breath-holding capacity to find out the significant effect. Breath-holding capacity was assessed by Nostril clip methods selected as variables. After the initial test, the subjects of the experimental group participated in a supervised Pranayama exercise training program, where no special exercise was administered to the control group. The Pranayama exercises were carried out for a period of six weeks, five days of training (Monday to Friday), and 60 minutes each session. The pre and post-test scores were statistically examined by the Analysis of the pair ‘t-test and Co-Variance(ANCOVA) for selected variables. Results: The experimental group showed improved scores in the breath-holding capacity compared to the control group (p

The main purpose of the present study was to investigate the effect of skipping rope training on resting heart rate and cardio-respiratory endurance among soccer players. A total of forty male soccer players (age 19 – 24 years) were selected from Manipur University, Imphal, Manipur (India) who participated in the national-level competition. The subjects were randomly assigned into two equal groups, the experimental group (n=20) and the control group (n=20).  The groups were measured before the intervention with resting heart rate and cardio-respiratory endurance to find out the overall significant effect among soccer players. After the initial test, the subjects of the experimental group participated in a supervised skipping rope training program, where no special exercise was administered to the control group. Skipping rope training programs were carried out for a period of six weeks, five days of training (Monday to Friday), and 60 minutes for each session. The experimental group showed improved scores in resting heart rate and cardio-respiratory endurance compared to the control group (p<0.05). The mean of the resting heart rate for the pre-test and post-test of the experimental group were 58.60 and 56.45 respectively. The values of the cardio-respiratory endurance were 72.41 and 80.47 respectively. The significant improvement in skipping rope training of the experimental group might be due to the six weeks of the soccer players. Skipping rope trainprogramsgram significantly improved physiological variables such as resting heart rate and motor fitness variables such as cardio-respiratory endurance of the male soccer players. Keywords: Skipping rope training, Resting heart rate, Cardio-respiratory endurance, Soccer players

Ниво лактата у крви и пулс су најчешће мерени физиолошки одговори кошаркаша током утакмице. Циљ систематског прегледа актуелне литературе био је да се испита концентрација лактата током кошаркашке утакмице, као и да се утврди концентрација лактата према играчкој позицији, нивоу игре, географској локацији и полу током утакмице. Поређења времена у одвојеним студијама откривају да је концентрација лактата била значајно нижа у другој половини него у првој. Професионални играчи постижу веће концентрације лактата у поређењу са полупрофесионалним играчима. Поред тога, интерни фактори и фактори подударања могу допринети уоченим варијацијама играча, укључујући интензитет игре пре узимања узорка крви, као и физиолошку припрему испитиваног узорка играча. Концентрација лактата у крви већа је код аустралијских кошаркаша него код Тунишана, шпанских и британских кошаркаша. Даља истраживања би требало да квантификују концентрацију лактата и откуцаје срца у односу на активно и укупно време играња, што је препорука за будуће истраживаче.

Blood lactate level and heart rate are the most frequently measured physiological responses of basketball players during a game. The aim of the systematic review of the current literature was to examine the concentration of lactate during a basketball game, as well as to determine the concentration of lactate according to player position, level of play, geographical location and gender during the game. Time comparisons in separate studies revealed that lactate concentration was significantly lower in the second half than in the first. Professional players achieve higher lactate concentrations compared to semi-professional players. In addition, intrinsic and matching factors may contribute to the observed player variation, including the intensity of play prior to blood sampling, as well as the physiological preparation of the player's test sample. Blood lactate concentration is higher in Australian basketball players than in Tunisians, Spanish and British basketball players. Further research should quantify lactate concentration and heart rate in relation to active and total playing time, which is a recommendation for future researchers.

The concept of dementia is associated with cognitive changes, behavioral changes, as well as daily motor actions and life functions. The association of physical activity with dementia is a controversial topic in science and is always an interesting basis for discussion among researchers. Moderate PA can be an effective means of reducing the rate of dementia as well as behavioral problems, however caution should be approached when working with this group of people, especially when setting end goals. Given the division of dementia, each person needs to be approached individually and appropriate selection made. The contribution of PA is irreplaceable compared to any type of therapeutic treatment, it improves basic life functions, reduces the mortality rate and improves the quality of life.