| Worldwide stakeholders have acknowledged the role of Indigenous Knowledge Research System (IKRS) as cost effective, readily accessible and sustainable solution. Several studies reflect documentation and assessment of indigenous veterinary practices. However, limited research studies have been conducted to demonstrate suitable model for integrating IKRS with livestock health intervention system. This exploratory research study explains utilization of IKRS in Gujarat and Manipur state of India. The study revealed that farmers were keen to embrace IKRS due to availability of practices, failure of conventional medications against certain ailments. Farmers were found to be aware of medicinal properties of plants, and acclaimed knowledge holders in usage of IKRS in their regions. These indigenous technologies or practices were location specific and innovative. The findings reiterated that State Department of Animal Husbandry (SDAH) alone cannot provide quality livestock health care. The support of SDAH, dairy societies and university research system is paramount for conservation and wider diffusion. Advancement of systemic response to indigenous healers can enable them to organize and acknowledge each other's effort through co-operative spirit. These frugal innovations can complement existing health care system and enhance livestock welfare, if only natural resources are conserved. Willingness, abilities of knowledge holders, farmers being part of research system, their experimental learning and knowledge of medicinal plants have to be reflected while designing disease control programs. Non-monetary incentives and diverse ways of engagement with knowledge holders are pre-requisite for sustaining, scaling knowledge systems. A suitable framework is shared for invigorating IKRS through utilizing, conserving natural resources with the help of existing formal and informal veterinary institutions. Keywords | Biodiversity, Frugal innovation, Integration, Indigenous knowledge, Livestock RavikumaR

The permeation of ionic compounds through lipophilic skin membrane can be enhanced by converting the impermeable ionized drug into a more permeable unionized form with pH-adjusting excipients. The osmotic influx of water into the device core, upon application on the human skin, dissolve the drug and pH-adjusting adjuvant allowing the partitioning and subsequent permeation of unionized drug from the transdermal device core. The present investigation was aimed to evaluate the feasibility of water activated pH-controlled pseudolatex films for transdermal delivery of zidovudine by ex vivo tests. The monolithic pseudolatex transdermal film of zidovudine was prepared by solvent change followed by solvent casting technique using Eudragit RL 100 and Eudragit RS 100 in varying proportions with pH 7.4 in the device core. The prepared films were of desired physicochemical properties. The SEM photomicrographs of drug loaded formulations exhibited uniformity with rough surface and no traces of crack or pores. The ex vivo skin permeation study across pig ear epidermis in Keshary-Chien glass diffusion cell showed that the drug permeability was controlled by the osmotic influx of water into the device core and consequent partition of dissolve drug into and diffusion through the skin. The formulation F2a with 10 % w/w of zidovudine dispersed in the polymer matrix composed of Eudragit RL 100 and Eudragit RS 100 at the ratio of 1:2, respectively, showed nearly the desired flux at 239.09 μg/cm(2)/h. A patch area of 117.48 cm(2) would be required for transdermal delivery of zidovudine to obtain therapeutic plasma concentration at 0.3 μg/ml.

In order to evaluate the performance and suitability of the long brinjal variety ‘Niranjan Bhata’ developed by an innovative farmer of Chhattisgarh in different agro-climatic conditions of the country, the comparative field experiment conducted under Gandhinagar, Gujarat condition was accommodated in a randomized complete block design comprising five replications of four treatments, i.e. Niranjan Bhata, Pusa Shamla as National Check (NC) and two Local Check (LC) during June - March 2016. The plant height of Niranjan Bhata (115.50 cm) was recorded at par with LC-1 (118.33 cm). However, the maximum fruit length (45.80 cm) was recorded in Niranjan Bhata (45.80 cm). The significant highest fruit yield was produced by Niranjan Bhata (31.40 t/ha). Farmer managed trials (FMTs) were also carried out in five states between 2017-18 and 2020-21 at 68 locations (loc.) during the Kharif season. The test variety ‘Niranjan Bhata’ reported superior performance in Chhattisgarh with the highest plant height (161.17 cm), fruit length (59.67 cm), and marketable fruit yield (9.81 kg/plant). The variety also outperformed with similar characters in Gujarat and Maharashtra states over checks. As per the growers' feedback, the variety was found to be high-yielding. The long fruits containing lesser seeds and soft pulp having good market preference too. Thus the evaluation of variety with the farmers’ participation was found most suitable approach which assured the varietal preference and its suitability for large-scale dissemination.