Geometric morphometrics and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase I (COI) DNA barcoding are crucial for identifying closely related cryptic carangid species. We integrated both taxonomic methods for promising identification within selected carangid groups, trevallies (Turrum coeruleopinnatum, Platycaranx malabaricus, and Atropus hedlandensis) and scads (Selar crumenophthalmus, Selar boops, and Atule mate). Despite a plethora of carangid barcode data, the knowledge bridge on carangid evolutionary footprints provides limited information on their origin, evolution, and distribution. Procrustes-defined data derived from shape differences between species and between morphs within species were analyzed by principal component analysis (PCA) and canonical variate analysis (CVA) (P < 0.0001), and were independent of intraspecific variation. Geometric morphometric clustering was evaluated using mtDNA COI barcoding, and each morph/species cluster was found to be compatible with the corresponding species. Average Kimura 2- Parameter (K2P) divergences were obtained in accordance with taxonomic hierarchy and were consistent with the 2% species delimitation: conspecific, congeneric, confamilial divergences were 0.28%, 4.50%, and 11.90% respectively and intraspecific and interspecific divergences were in the ranges (0.00-0.60)% and (2.10-18.70)% respectively. The greatest divergence was observed between the Indian and Indo-Australian Archipelago (IAA) individuals, whereas the lowest divergence was observed between the common ancestral cluster and IAA individuals. However, both consolidated taxonomic approaches provided a clear resolution of the selected carangid species over cryptic speciation. The origin of the carangid ancestor and its centered distribution in the IAA region are well described by regional characteristic divergences and are further explained by the center of origin and overlap hypotheses.

The study revisits the contentious issue of widow remarriage in Vedic India through an in-depth analysis of various passages from Vedic texts and different interpretations posited by scholars. The findings suggest that, while it has been historically viewed marriage as an indissoluble sacrament in Hinduism, evidence regarding widow remarriage is not conclusive. Some scholars argue that widow remarriage, specifically to a deceased husband's brother, was practiced during the Vedic era. This assertion is supported by Rigvedic passages X.18.8 and X.40.2, which purportedly hint at the practice. However, this interpretation is disputed, with some arguing that these passages actually underscore practices of self-sacrifice or 'niyoga' (levirate marriage). The study further explores Atharvavedic verses suggesting the remarriage of a punarbhu or a betrothed woman, not a widow. The research therefore suggests that Vedic texts did not explicitly endorse widow remarriage. It argues for a nuanced understanding of ancient customs and societal norms, highlighting the need for more rigorous and context-sensitive interpretations of Vedic texts.

The study examines the role of historical bias and the ways in which it can be addressed to achieve a more accurate representation of the past. The study aims to identify the factors that contribute to historical bias, the impact it has on our understanding of history, and the strategies that can be employed to overcome it. The study employs a mixed-methods approach that includes a comprehensive review of relevant literature, interviews with scholars and historians, and analysis of historical narratives. The study finds that historical bias is perpetuated by a variety of factors, including political and cultural agendas, the limitations of available evidence, and the perspectives and biases of historians themselves. The study also identifies several strategies that can be used to address historical bias, including the adoption of a more diverse and inclusive approach to historical research, the incorporation of multiple perspectives and sources, and the acknowledgement of historical injustices and their impact on marginalized groups. The study concludes that a commitment to redressing historical bias is necessary to achieve a more accurate and inclusive representation of the past, which can in turn contribute to a more just and equitable society.

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Se encontró que la precisión de la estimación del volumen de órganos internos realizada con ultrasonido (EE. UU.) Es multifactorial. Por lo tanto, nuestro objetivo fue describir y validar la evaluación de volumen de la ecografía y las fórmulas estándar de estimación de volumen para órganos intraabdominales de diferentes formas utilizando bazos y riñones. Se escanearon riñones cadavéricos disecados (n = 25) y bazos (n = 29) para obtener medidas lineales y volúmenes autogenerados por ultrasonido (USV). Se utilizaron medidas lineales para calcular los volúmenes manualmente con fórmulas de estimación de volumen elipsoide, prolate y Lambert. Los volúmenes reales (AV) de los órganos se obtuvieron mediante el método de desplazamiento de agua. Se comparó la precisión de la evaluación del volumen de USV y diferentes fórmulas comparando el sesgo, la precisión y el análisis de la gráfica de Bland-Altman. El procedimiento de medición de volumen y lineal de EE. UU. Fue confiable con acuerdos altos entre observadores e intraobservadores (lineal: α de Chronbach = 0,983 a 0,934; volúmenes: α de Chronbach = 0,989). Las estimaciones de USV fueron precisas con una alta correlación con AV y un bajo sesgo de estimación (-5,9%). Además, las fórmulas prolate (sesgo = -0,75%) y elipsoide (sesgo = -3. 75%) fueron confiables con un sesgo insignificante en los volúmenes estimados. Por el contrario, la fórmula de Lambert no fue confiable debido a un alto sesgo (41,6%). Para todos los métodos evaluados, el error de estimación se encontró relacionado con el tamaño del órgano (T = 3.483; p = 0.001), principalmente cuando el órgano evaluado es mayor de 50 ml. Además, se encontró que el error de estimación de forma está relacionado con la fórmula de estimación de volumen usado. la fórmula de Lambert no fue confiable debido a un alto sesgo (41,6%). Para todos los métodos evaluados, el error de estimación se encontró relacionado con el tamaño del órgano (T = 3.483; p = 0.001), principalmente cuando el órgano evaluado es mayor de 50 ml. Además, se encontró que el error de estimación de forma está relacionado con la fórmula de estimación de volumen usado. la fórmula de Lambert no fue confiable debido a un alto sesgo (41,6%). Para todos los métodos evaluados, el error de estimación se encontró relacionado con el tamaño del órgano (T = 3.483; p = 0.001), principalmente cuando el órgano evaluado es mayor de 50 ml. Además, se encontró que el error de estimación de forma está relacionado con la fórmula de estimación de volumen usado.