Context:Postoperative sore throat (POST) is a complication that is unresolved in patients undergoing endotracheal intubation.Aim:To compare the effects of ketamine and magnesium sulfate nebulizations in two strengths, on the incidence and severity of POST, hoarseness, and cough.Settings and Design:Sixty surgical patients undergoing elective abdominal and lower limb surgeries under combined epidural and general anesthesia were included in this prospective, randomized, double-blinded study.Subjects and Methods:Patients in each group were nebulized with the respective study drug 15 min prior to the surgery, i.e., ketamine in Group K, magnesium sulfate 250 mg, and 500 mg in Group M1 and Group M2, respectively, and normal saline as control in Group C. A standardized anesthesia protocol was followed for all patients. After extubation, the patients were asked to grade POST, hoarseness, and cough at 0, 2, 4, 12, and 24 h.Statistical Analysis Used:One-way analysis of variance, Chi-square test, Fisher's exact test, paired t-tests, and Wilcoxon's signed-rank test as applicable.Results:Ketamine and magnesium sulfate 500 mg demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in POST at 0, 2, and 4 h, and postoperative hoarseness at 0 h. There was decrease in the incidence and severity of sore throat, hoarseness, and cough at all periods in the study groups as compared with control.Conclusion:Nebulization with ketamine 50 mg and magnesium sulfate 500 mg, 15 min before induction of general anesthesia and intubation, reduce the incidence and severity of POST and hoarseness of voice.

Background and Aims:Transnasal humidified rapid-insufflation ventilatory exchange (THRIVE) during apnoea has shown to delay desaturation. The primary objective was to compare time to desaturate to <90% during apnoea with THRIVE versus traditional preoxygenation followed by apnoeic oxygenation.Methods:This prospective, randomised, single-blinded study was conducted in 10 adult patients presenting for direct laryngoscopy under general anaesthesia without endotracheal intubation. Group P patients were preoxygenated with 100% oxygen, and in Group H, high-flow humidified oxygen was delivered using nasal cannula for 3 min. After induction and neuromuscular blockade, time to desaturate to 90%, while receiving apnoeic oxygenation, was noted. Chi-square test and Mann–Whitney tests were used.Results:Group H had a significantly longer apnoea time as compared to Group P (796.00 ± 43.36 vs. 444.00 ± 52.56 s). All patients in Group H continued to have nearly 100% saturation even at 12 min of apnoea. However, in Group P, 80% of patients desaturated to <90% after 6 min of apnoea. Baseline blood gases, that following preoxygenation and at 3 min of apnoea time were comparable in both groups. At 6 min, Group H had a significantly higher PaO2 (295.20 ± 122.26 vs. 135.00 ± 116.78) and PaCO2 (69.46 ± 7.15 vs. 59.00 ± 4.64). Group H continued to have a PaO2 of >200 mmHg even at 12 min of apnoea with a significant rise in PaCO2 along with fall in pH after 6 min.Conclusion:During apnoeic periods time to desaturate to <90% was significantly prolonged with use of THRIVE.

Background: Hypotension is common under anesthesia and can cause organ underperfusion and ischemia, especially during induction. This could be because of the cardiovascular depressant and vasodilatory effects of anesthetic agents, as well as lack of surgical stimulation. Aim of Study: The aim was to evaluate the utility of preinduction inferior vena cava (IVC) measurement to predict significant hypotension after induction of anesthesia with propofol. Settings and Design: This was a prospective, open-label study conducted in a tertiary care institute. Subjects and Methods: This study was conducted on 50 patients undergoing general anesthesia. Ultrasound machine (Mindray® M7) was used to visualize IVC. The measurements taken were maximum diameter of IVC (IVC max ) and minimum diameter of IVC (IVC min ). IVC collapsibility index (IVC-CI) was calculated as (IVC max − IVC min )/IVC max and was expressed as a ratio. Statistical Tests Used: Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and Chi-square test were used for statistical tests. Results: The relation between significant hypotension and IVC-CI was evaluated using ROC curve analysis. We found the area under curve to be 0.959 and a cutoff of 0.43 (43% collapsibility). The association of significant hypotension with IVC-CI of >43% was calculated and found to be statistically significant ( P < 0.001). The sensitivity of IVC CI of >43% in predicting development of significant hypotension was 86.67% and the specificity was 94.29%. It had very high negative and positive predictive values (94.29% and 86.67%, respectively) with an accuracy of 92%. Conclusion: Patients with an IVC collapsibility of more than 43%, as assessed by ultrasonography, are more likely to develop significant hypotension after induction with propofol.

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Context:Establishing a near perfect surgical field during functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS) is essential and even a minor bleeding can severely compromise an already restricted view. So, if controlled hypotension can be provided without compromising the safety of patient by a relatively effortless method, surgical field can be improved greatly.Aims:The aim of this study was to compare the hemodynamic changes and surgical conditions during FESS following oral premedication with clonidine and metoprolol.Settings and Design:A total of 40 patients undergoing FESS were included in this prospective, randomized controlled study.Subjects and Methods:Patients were divided into two equal groups. Group A patients were premedicated with oral clonidine 300 mcg and Group B with oral metoprolol 50 mg, 2 h before surgery. All patients received fentanyl 2 mcg/kg and induced with propofol 2 mg/kg. Intubation was done following vecuronium 1 mg/kg. Anesthesia was maintained with 66% N2O, 33% O2 and 1% isoflurane. The heart rate (HR) and blood pressure (BP) were measured before induction and thereafter every 15 min up to 2 h. The surgeons were asked to estimate the quality of the operative field using a pre-defined category scale with scores 1-5.Statistical Analysis:Difference within the groups was analyzed using analysis of variance and post-hoc test was used to test the difference between individual groups. Chi-square test was used to find out the association between categorical variables.Results:Comparison of category scale revealed a lower score in Group A up to 60 min. Group B patients showed a statistically lower HR from pre-induction up to 90 min while systolic BP (SBP), diastolic BP (DBP) and mean arterial pressure did not show a significant difference.Conclusions:Oral premedication with 300 mcg of clonidine produced a better operative field than oral metoprolol 50 mg during FESS.