Diyarbakır’ın Silvan İlçesi, geleneksel kent kültürünün soyut ve somut unsurlarını barındıran bir yerleşimdir. 1990 yılında Silvan surları koruma alanı oluşturulmasına rağmen, Silvan koruma amaçlı imar planı hala yapılmamıştır. Sur içinin sit alanı ilan edilmemesi ve tescil işlemlerinin çok geç başlaması; birçok evin yıkılmasına, niteliksiz eklerin yapılmasına hatta betonarme yapılaşmaya neden olmuş ve insan etkileri ile oluşan bilinçsiz müdahale geleneksel yapıların yıpranmasını hızlandırmıştır. Bu çalışmanın amacı yersel lazer taramadan çeşitli tekniklerle elde edilen verileri yerinde incelemeden elde edilen verilerle birleştirerek geleneksel Silvan evlerinin özelliklerini yansıtan Silvan Konağı’na dair malzeme bozulmalarını tespit etmek ve belgelemektir. Yapının korunması geleneksel Silvan evleri kültürel mirasının devamlılığı noktasında önemlidir. Çalışmada gözlemsel tespit, fotoğrafla belgeleme ve yersel lazer tarama yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda konutta hatalı onarım ve bakımsızlık kaynaklı bozulmaların en sık rastlanan sorunlar olduğu tespit edilmiştir. Özellikle cephelerde malzeme kayıplarını onarım amaçlı yapılan bilinçsizce işlemler olan çimento esaslı harç ile müdahale yapının görsel algısını bozduğu gibi taş malzemeye de zarar verdiği görülmektedir. Çalışma sonuçları, yersel lazer tarayıcının hiçbir temas söz konusu olmaksızın malzemelerin ve nem, tuz, yosun ve liken gibi biyolojik değişiklikler malzemeleri etkileyen farklı hasar türlerinin dokümantasyonu alanında büyük faydalar gösterdiği, bu yöntemle tespitinde yüksek doğruluk ve hız kazanıldığı olgularına destek vermektedir
In historical stone structures, material deterioration occurs over time due to climate-related reasons. In order to perform the correct interventions to these material deteriorations in the building, original material properties should be determined and restoration applications should be carried out in accordance with these properties. In this study, it was aimed to examine the material properties and problems of the Mor Yakup Church, in the Nusaybin District of Mardin Province, in order to create a laboratory guideline that reveals the material analysis to be used in the restorations to be made at the regional scale of Mardin. Although many studies have been carried out on the structure, up-to-date information and data on the chemical-physical decomposition processes that have occurred on the material over the years are lacking. In order to fill this gap and provide basic information for the proper preservation of the structure, the Mor Yakup Church was analyzed. This structure is important in that it is the first university of education in the world that has survived to the present day. In this study, field studies and laboratory studies were carried out to determine the textural, physical, chemical, mineralogical and mechanical properties of the material used in the building, and the changes it has undergone over the years. The weathering pattern, forms and profiles show that the limestone deteriorates due to the cement-containing mortars used in the building and environmental effects (especially from the exhaust gas effect). It has been determined that nitrate salt has a role in the intense black layering, which can be observed visually, especially on the stone surfaces.
The province of Mersin is an area where stone material is concentrated in terms of its geographical region, and in many historical areas in the region, stone structures are subject to deterioration due to various effects and protection interventions are often needed in the region. However, in the past, the lack of knowledge about the detection of material problems in the region has caused serious damage to historical textures and structures in many cases. The aim of the study carried out in this context is to document the material problems of the "Sarışih Han", which is a historical masonry building located in the Tarsus district of Mersin and which is of great importance to be preserved in terms of the continuity of the cultural heritage of the region, and thus to document the material problems for the sustainable management of the structures in the geographical region to contribute to its detection and repair. In this context, material problems in the structure were documented using the UAV photogrammetry method. The results of the study are important in terms of forming a guideline for the determination of material problems in the restoration phases of stone structures in Mersin. The findings obtained in the study show that the main damage observed on the stone surface of the building is eroded by the effect of water, and the problems caused by the lack of repairs in the worn areas have grown and plant formations have occurred in almost all of the facades, and the plant formations have caused large parts of fragmentation on some facades. It is seen that the joint loss on the stone surfaces and the deterioration of plant formation have reached advanced levels as a result of the exposure of the building to the effects of sun and water caused by the strong climate for centuries. Based on the determination results obtained in the study, it is hoped that correct applications will be made within the scope of the recommendations to be presented in the restoration of material problems in the restoration applications to be made in the geographical region.
The Mor Yakup Church, located in the Nusaybin District of Mardin, is known as the world’s first educational university in history and represents one of the oldest Christian medieval monuments. In this study, it is aimed to determine the factors of the strength problems of the structure by investigating the characterization of building materials and what kind of factors affect the material behavior with various observational and experimental methods. It was determined that the main deterioration types in the materials of the building were erosion, fractures, loss of parts and the dissolve of the joint mortars between the masonry work on the facades. Since the materials used in the construction of the building are unable in terms of physico-mechanics, it has been determined that the severe continental climate conditions prevailing in the region easily cause such physical deterioration on the construction materials. In addition, the presence of clays in the conventional mortar used in the building has been defined as an internal problem that causes the material to get tired with the osmotic pressure it creates by absorbing water. A very high rate of salinization was detected in the building materials of the building and it was observed that this salting was caused by the acid effect caused by air pollution and the portland cement used in the previous repairs in the building. Finally, this study presents restoration recommendations to repair the material deterioration in the building and to prevent its occurrence in the future.
Taş ocağı ve nekropol alanının birlikteliğinden oluşan, benzeri örneklerine az rastlanan Dara nekropol alanı, kültürel peyzaj değerleri açısından önemli bir alandır. Kültürel katmanlığın ve gömü rituellinin mekânsal ve işlevsel çeşitliliğinin izlendiği alanda, Büyük Galerili Mezar yapısı mekânsal özellikleri ve mitiyle diğer yapılardan farklılaşmaktadır. Bazı araştırmacılar tarafından “dirilişin mekânı” olarak tanımlanan yapı içinde bulunduğu bağlamın tekil mekanlarından biri olmaktadır. Ancak bu değerli yapı çeşitli etkiler sonucu zamanla malzeme bozulmalarına uğramıştır. Bu bağlamda çalışmanın amacı Mardin Antik Dara Kenti (Anastasiopolis) Nekropol alanında bulunan Büyük Galerili Mezar yapısının taş malzeme sorunlarının belgelenmesidir. Çalışmada fotoğrafla belgeleme, gözlemsel tespit ve fotogrametrik belgeleme yöntemleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada yapıda en fazla görülen malzeme bozulmalarının, hava kirleticilerinin içinde bulunan çeşitli maddeler ve çevresel kaynaklı tuzlar sebebiyle oluştuğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Elde edilen bu sonuç, farklı ülkelerde özellikle taş mimarinin en yoğun olduğu Mısır gibi ülkelerde tespit edilen taş yapı malzemelerinin bozulmasının temel sorunlarının hava kirleticilerinden ve çevresel etkilerden kaynaklı gelen tuzların etkimesi sonucu taş yüzeyinde ayrışmalar ve yüzey kirliliği oluşturduğu bulgusuna Türkiye bağlamında da destek vermektedir.
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