Background:One of the age-related disorders is Alzheimer's Disease (AD) that impairs learning and memory. It appears that the use of non-pharmacological methods due to fewer complications can help improve the memory process. Objectives: The present study aimed to review the effect of voluntary and forced training with Royal Jelly (RJ) consumption on learning and spatial memory of rats with AD. Methods: We divided 46 rats with AD into seven groups of eight rats including (1) RJ, (2) voluntary training, (3) forced training, (4) forced training with RJ, (5) voluntary training with RJ, (6) control, and (7) sham. During eight weeks, groups 1, 4, and 5 received RJ 100 mg/kg daily; groups 2 and 5 ran on running wheels for three sessions of 60 min per week and groups 3 and 4 swam for three sessions of 60 min per week. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, learning and spatial memory were measured by the shuttle box and Y maze, respectively. Shapiro-Wilk, one-way ANOVA, and two-way ANOVA test with Bonferroni's post hoc test were used for data analysis (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Training and RJ had significant effects on the increase of Step-Through Latency (STL) (P ≤ 0.05) and the Percentage of Alteration (PA) (P ≤ 0.05), as well as the decrease of Time spent in Dark Compartment (TDC) (P ≤ 0.05). Training and RJ consumption had a significant interactive effect on the decrease of TDC (P ≤ 0.05).Conclusions: It appears that training simultaneously with RJ consumption has interactive effects on improving memory in rats with AD.

Background: A growing body of literature suggests that obesity is associated with low-grade inflammation and is regarded as a major risk factor for chronic diseases, such as diabetes and metabolic syndrome.

Objective: In diabetic patients, hyperglycemia is associated with impaired FOXO signaling pathways in liver cells. This study aimed to determine the effect of resistance training on FOXO1 expression in liver hepatocytes and fasting glucose levels in type 2 diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, type 2 diabetes induced by intraperitoneal injection of nicotinamide-STZ in 16 male wistar rats (220±20 g) and were randomly divided into exercise (n=8) and control (n=8) groups. Exercise group were participated in resistance training program (12 weeks, 5 days/weekly). Fasting glucose and insulin as well as FOXO1 expressioninliver hepatocytes were measured lasted exercise session of 2 groups and compared by independent T-test. Results: Compared to control group, resistance training resulted in significant decrease in fasting glucose ( P -value< 0.0001) and decrease in serum insulin ( P -value< 0.0001). However, no significant difference was found in FOXO1 expression in liver cells between exercise and control groups ( P -value: 0.725). Conclusion: Based on this data, improvement of glycemic profile in response to resistance training in diabetic rats cannot be attributed to FOXO1 expression in liver cells. This improvement may be attributed to an increase in serum insulin or other hormonal or genetic changes in response to resistance exercise, which will require further studies in this area.

Objective: Intense muscle contractions are associated with oxidative stress and immune system deficiency, especially in the presence of obesity. This study aimed to determine the effect of whey protein supplementation following eccentric resistance contractions on some determinants of oxidative stress in non-athletic obese students. Materials and Methods: In this double blinded randomized clinical trial study, 24 non-athlete obese male students were divided into two groups: experimental (whey protein supplementation, 0.4 g / kg body weight for 3 consecutive days) or placebo groups by simple random sampling. Blood samples were taken before, immediately, 24, 48 and 72 hours after an intense resistance exercise session with regard to measure Superoxidasedismutase(SOD) and Malodaldoeide (MDA). Subsequently, a two-way repeated measure ANOVA was performed to compare data between groups. P -value of less than 5 percent was considered statistically significant. Results: No significant differences were observed between two groups in MDA ( P -value: 0.211) and SOD ( P -value: 0.222) at postexercise. Based on ANOVA data, significant changes were observed between two groups with regard to MDA ( P -value: 0.001) and SOD ( P -value: 0.001). On the other hand, MDA activity was significantly lower in experimental than placebo subjects in each stage of study (24 hours recovery, 48 hours recovery and 72 hours recovery with P value: 0.001). Also, SOD activity was significantly higher in experimental than placebo subjects in each stage of study (24 hours recovery, 48 hours recovery and 72 hours recovery with P -value: 0.001). Conclusion: Based on this study, it is concluded that whey protein supplementation can be improve antioxidant capacity after intense exercise in non-athletes obese male.