Effect of Voluntary and Forced Training with Royal Jelly Consumption on Learning and Spatial Memory of Rat Model of Alzheimer’s Disease

Abstract

Background:One of the age-related disorders is Alzheimer's Disease (AD) that impairs learning and memory. It appears that the use of non-pharmacological methods due to fewer complications can help improve the memory process. Objectives: The present study aimed to review the effect of voluntary and forced training with Royal Jelly (RJ) consumption on learning and spatial memory of rats with AD. Methods: We divided 46 rats with AD into seven groups of eight rats including (1) RJ, (2) voluntary training, (3) forced training, (4) forced training with RJ, (5) voluntary training with RJ, (6) control, and (7) sham. During eight weeks, groups 1, 4, and 5 received RJ 100 mg/kg daily; groups 2 and 5 ran on running wheels for three sessions of 60 min per week and groups 3 and 4 swam for three sessions of 60 min per week. Twenty-four hours after the last training session, learning and spatial memory were measured by the shuttle box and Y maze, respectively. Shapiro-Wilk, one-way ANOVA, and two-way ANOVA test with Bonferroni's post hoc test were used for data analysis (P ≤ 0.05). Results: Training and RJ had significant effects on the increase of Step-Through Latency (STL) (P ≤ 0.05) and the Percentage of Alteration (PA) (P ≤ 0.05), as well as the decrease of Time spent in Dark Compartment (TDC) (P ≤ 0.05). Training and RJ consumption had a significant interactive effect on the decrease of TDC (P ≤ 0.05).Conclusions: It appears that training simultaneously with RJ consumption has interactive effects on improving memory in rats with AD.

The Effect of Eight Weeks of Training on Positive and Negative Slopes with Royal Jelly Consumption on MGMT and ATPase Gene Expression Levels in the Hippocampus Tissue of Trimethyltin-Induced Alzheimer’s Rats

“…In another study, researchers showed that the use of RJ by cAMP/PKA/CREB/BDNF mechanism inhibits nerve cell apoptosis and reduces DNA damage (17). Although in previous studies, the favorable interactive effects of training and RJ consumption on neurotrophins (15), cognitive function (11), and inflammatory factors (9) have been reported, the exact mechanism of these two in-terventions on the pathways for DNA repair and transcription of metabolism-related genes (ATPase) are not yet fully understood.…”

“…In addition, endurance training on different slopes has been one of the challenges in assessing the type of adaptation in the cognitive function of AD animal models. Accordingly, the researchers showed that the positive slope running (ETPS) reduced the pain tolerance threshold, but the negative slope running had no significant effect on it (10); eight weeks of voluntary and forced training improved avoidance memory and spatial memory in AD rats (11). Also, the endurance training, resistance training, and combined training have beneficial effects on reducing DNA damage in the brain tissue.…”

Additive beneficial effects of aerobic training and royal jelly on hippocampal inflammation and function in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis rats

“…Consumption of 100 mg / kg RJ decreased depression and anxiety in rats with Alzheimer's disease [31], while according to another study, despite the favorable effects of RJ at doses of 100 and 200 mg / kg, the dose of 200 mg / kg was more favorable than the dose of 100 mg / kg [32]. In addition, studies that examined the effect of RJ consumption with exercise training showed that the interaction of both interventions improves motor balance, cognitive function, memory and neurotrophins in rats with trimethyltin neurotoxin-induced neurological disorders [24,33].…”

Antioxidant Effect of Swimming Training and Royal Jelly Consumption in the Hippocampus Tissue of Rats With Alzheimer’s Disease

“…Alzheimer's disease (AD), usually recognized by the gradual deterioration of intellectual and social functioning, memory loss and cognitive impairment, is characterized by the neurotoxic effect of amyloid beta (Aβ) oligomers (1). Patients with AD lose their memory and cognitive abilities through drastic changes in behavior.…”

“…Royal jelly (RJ) is a bee product that has been traditionally used in European and Asian medical systems for a long time. It has a variety of pharmacological activities that may, for example, prevent aging, and is anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antihypertensive, and anti-hyperglycemic (1). RJ seems to improve insulin resistance in AD patients because it has insulin-like activity.…”