The diagnosis and management of glaucoma has long been dependent on making decisions based on family history, optic nerve head evaluation, intraocular pressure, visual field testing, and optical coherence testing. Other pieces to aid in understanding glaucoma have presented throughout the years, including the role of corneal thickness. The discussion and debate on the mechanism of glaucoma have been attributed to resistance at the level of the conventional outflow pathway, perfusion pressure to the optic nerve head, cerebral spinal fluid pressure, and many more. Another piece that has emerged is corneal hysteresis, an assessment of the cornea's ability to absorb and dissipate energy. There is abundant published literature supporting corneal hysteresis being associated with the presence and severity of glaucoma, the structural and functional progression of glaucoma, and the conversion to glaucoma. The supported data in these studies add another piece, corneal hysteresis, to consider in the diagnosis and management of glaucoma.

Purpose To evaluate the clinical outcomes with optometrist pre-surgical insertion of dexamethasone ophthalmic insert 0.4mg in the clinical office setting in patients undergoing same-day cataract surgery compared to standard of care steroid therapy. Methods In this prospective, contralateral eye trial, one eye received a dexamethasone ophthalmic insert 0.4mg and the other received topical prednisolone acetate 1% four times per day for one week, then three times per day for one week, then two times per day for one week, and then one time per day for one week. At one day, seven days, and four weeks postoperatively mean anterior chamber cell score and mean anterior chamber flare score was assessed by Slit Lamp Biomicroscopy and pain score was assessed by Visual Analog Scale from 0–10. Incidence of increased intraocular pressure and cystoid macular edema were also assessed. Results Thirty patients (60 eyes) participated. At one day postoperative there was no significant difference in mean anterior chamber cell score (p= 0.70) or pain score (p= 0.92). There was no anterior chamber cell flare observed in the study or control group. Of the 30 patients, 29 expressed a preference for dexamethasone inserts compared to topical prednisolone acetate. One patient in the study group had elevated intraocular pressure that resolved and there was no cystoid macular edema measured. Conclusion In patients undergoing routine cataract surgery, there was an overwhelming preference for a dexamethasone insert compared to topical steroid drops. The dexamethasone insert produced similar ocular comfort and inflammation prevention compared to prednisolone acetate eyedrops. Dexamethasone inserts are a safe and effective treatment option for reducing pain and inflammation when inserted by an optometrist prior to routine cataract surgery.

To create a defocus curve of emerging presbyopic patients of various age groups. Setting: Single site private practice in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Design: This was a non-randomized, prospective study. All subjects were enrolled from healthy volunteers. Methods: Subjects aged 37-9, 40-42, 43-45 and 46-48 that have 20/20 best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA) were included. Binocular visual acuity at different defocus steps ranging from +0.5 D to −3 D was measured in each age group. Defocus curves were generated from the mean logMAR visual acuities at each defocus step, by age group. Results: Of the 60 subjects, 23.3% of subjects were between the ages of 37-39, 26.7% were between the ages of 40-42, 25% of subjects were between ages 43-45, and 25% were between the ages of 46-48. Visual acuity significantly decreased from plano to −3 D defocus steps in all groups (p < 0.0002, p = 0, p = 0 and p = 0). The 46-48-year-old group had worse visual acuity compared to the other three groups from the −1.0 to −2.0 D defocus steps (p = 0.037, p = 0.022 and 0.017, respectively). Starting at a near point of 40cm, the 37-39 group had the best logMAR vision and the 46-48 group had the worst vision (p = 0.001). Conclusion:The defocus curves of emerging presbyopic individuals demonstrate a decreasing visual acuity at near defocus steps that decreases with age. Defocus curves at different age ranges can help doctors explain various presbyopia treatment options in terms of near point capabilities at various ages.