Background: Diabetes continues to affect our population. As a complex disease, diabetes requires multifactorial risk-reduction strategies for appropriate glycemic control. While type II diabetes remains a global epidemic capable of being traced back to rapid increases in physical inactivity and obesity, type I diabetes is characterized by autoimmune destruction of beta cells in the pancreas. Diabetes is currently the 3rd leading cause of death in the US and the 7th leading cause of death worldwide. While the entire population is at risk, African Americans bear a disproportionate burden from diabetes and its complications. Diabetes remains very costly and places a strain on the national healthcare expenditure. Diabetes selfmanagement education (DSME) is essential to successful diabetes treatment and complication prevention. However, diabetes management requires daily patient involvement and some specific skills. Health coaching has been very effective in assisting patients with skills to self-manage. There is increasing evidence of the effectiveness of health coaching in terms of patient self-efficacy, adherence to treatment, behavioral changes, health service utilization, and health outcomes.Purpose: To appraise the effectiveness of health coaching as a strategy to improve glycemic control among African American diabetics.Method: This is an integrative review of the literature, which includes a synchronized review of experimental and non-experimental research to appraise this diabetes epidemic.Outcomes: Health coaching is among the most effective strategies to restrain this current diabetes epidemic. This integrative review articulates gaps in health care disparities, while capitalizing on a cost-effective, evidence-based approach to making a positive turn on diabetes. compared to 422 million in 2014 and 108 million in 1980 (World Health Organizations [WHO], 2018). According to CDC, 2018) 30.3 million Americans currently have diabetes and 84.1 million adults have prediabetes. The incidence of African-Americans who are at risk for prediabetes has been on the rise, contributed to multiple risk factors such as obesity, family history of diabetes, and hypertension Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [(CDC), 2018]. Recent statistics suggest newly diagnosed cases of Type I and Type II diabetes account for 1.5 million yearly with the largest concentration being in American Indians and African-Americans (CDC, 2018). This emerging global diabetes epidemic related to type II diabetes can be traced back to rapid increases in physical inactivity Am J Biomed Sci & Res

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Cigarette smoking is a global health epidemic, and smoking along with electronic nicotine delivery systems use or vaping are on the rise. Despite the effectiveness of smoking cessation strategies, healthcare providers and nursing students do not routinely recommend these strategies for patients who are smokers. This study compares the perceptions of smoking and vaping between two groups of baccalaureate degree nursing students from Haiti and the United States. The study was influenced by contemporary and past studies showing that more young people are drawn into smoking and vaping despite the prevalence of antismoking policies and awareness campaigns. In this descriptive study, surveys were used to collect data to determine the differences between the two country's nursing students on their perception of smoking and vaping. The findings indicated that, despite greater usage, the students from the United States had a higher perception of the health implications of cigarette smoking and vaping compared with those from Haiti. On the basis of the findings of this study, collaborative pedagogical research opportunities among international nursing education programs can further curriculum development to foster growth and development of future global health practitioners.