Knowledge of animal behavior can be indicative of the well-being, health, productivity, and reproduction of animals. The use of accelerometers to classify and predict animal behavior can be a tool for continuous animal monitoring. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide strategies for predicting more and less frequent beef cattle grazing behaviors. The behavior activities observed were grazing, ruminating, idle, water consumption frequency (WCF), feeding (supplementation) and walking. Three Machine Learning algorithms: Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM) and Naïve Bayes Classifier (NBC) and two resample methods: under and over-sampling, were tested. Overall accuracy was higher for RF models trained with the over-sampled dataset. The greatest sensitivity (0.808) for the less frequent behavior (WCF) was observed in the RF algorithm trained with the under-sampled data. The SVM models only performed efficiently when classifying the most frequent behavior (idle). The greatest predictor in the NBC algorithm was for ruminating behavior, with the over-sampled training dataset. The results showed that the behaviors of the studied animals were classified with high accuracy and specificity when the RF algorithm trained with the resampling methods was used. Resampling training datasets is a strategy to be considered, especially when less frequent behaviors are of interest.

RESUMOA lesão renal aguda resulta principalmente da ação de agentes nefotóicos e de isquemia renal, que geralmente afetam a porção tubular do néfron. A detecção precoce da lesão renal aguda permite a intervenção apropriada podendo prevenir ou atenuar o dano à célula tubular e o desenvolvimento da insuficiência renal aguda. O diagnóstico requer a associação de técnicas, sendo eficaz o emprego do exame ultrassonográfico associado aos exames laboratoriais. A ultrassonografia permite a avaliação da morfologia e da ecogenicidade renal por meio do exame em modo bidimensional e da hemodinâmica renal por meio da avaliação com o Doppler pulsado pelo cálculo dos índices de resistividade e pulsabilidade. As principais alterações ultrassonográficas da lesão tubular aguda são nefromegalia, aumento ou redução da ecogenicidade cortical, dilatação da pelve renal, efusão perirrenal, sinal de margem medular e aumento dos índices de resistividade e pulsabilidade. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: ecografia, índice de pulsabilidade, índice de resistividade, lesão renal aguda ACUTE TUBULAR KIDNEY INJURY IN DOGS AND CATS: PHYSIOPATHOGENY AND ULTRASOUND DIAGNOSISABSTRACT Acute kidney injury resulting from toxic or ischemic insults and usually affect the tubular portion of the nephron. Early detection allows the acute kidney injury appropriate intervention may prevent or mitigate damage to the tubular cell and the development of acute renal failure. Diagnosis requires a combination of techniques, and be effective employment ultrasonography associated with laboratory tests. Ultrasound allows assessment of morphology and renal echogenicity by taking on bidimensional mode and renal hemodynamics through the assessment with pulsed Doppler with the calculation of resistivity and pulsatility indices. The main ultrasound changes of acute tubular injury are nefromegalia, cortical echogenicity increase or

The identification of genomic regions associated with reproductive traits as well as their biological processes allows a better understanding of the phenotypic variability of these traits. This information could be applied to animal breeding programs to accelerate genetic gain. The aim of this study was to evaluate the association between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) with a scrotal circumference at 365 days of age (SC365) and at 450 days of age (SC450), gestation length (GL) as a calf trait, age at first calving (AFC), accumulated productivity (ACP), heifer early calving until 30 months (HC30), and stayability (STAY) traits, in order to identify candidate genes and biological pathways associated with reproductive traits in Nelore cattle. The data set consisted of pedigree, phenotypes, and genotypes of Nelore cattle from the “Associação Nacional de Criadores e Pesquisadores” (ANCP). The association analyses were performed using the Weighted Single-Step Genome-Wide Association method; the regions, consisting of 10 consecutive SNP, which explained more than 0.5% of additive genetic variance, were considered as a significant association. A total of 3, 6, 7, 5, 10, 25, and 12 windows were associated with SC355, SC450, GL, AFC, ACP, HC30, and STAY, respectively. The results revealed genes with important functions for reproductive traits, such as fertility and precocity. Some genes were associated with more than one trait, among them CAMK1D, TASP1, ACOXL, RAB11FIP5, and SFXN5. Moreover, the genes were enriched in functional terms, like negative regulation of fat cell differentiation, fatty acid alpha-oxidation, and sphingolipids signaling pathway. The identification of the genes associated with the traits, as well as genes enriched in the terms and pathway mentioned above, should contribute to future biological validation studies and may be used as candidate genes in Nelore breeding programs.

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