The study focuses on the polymorphism in soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) cultivars based on molecular and morphological marker traits. The evaluation of soybean cultivars by DNA markers was carried out with the aid of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using four microsatellite markers (Satt 228, Satt 726, Satt 063 and Satt 114) and 20 morphological traits. The frequency of identified alleles varied from 0.02 to 0.28; polymorphism index by the markers under study averaged 0.89. Genetic distances between the cultivars by simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers and morphological markers were determined using cluster analysis. According to the obtained distribution by microsatellite markers, the largest distance (3.87) was between cultivars 'Alaska' and 'Alinda'. The most related were cultivars forming the same cluster with the value of 2.00, namely DH 530 and 'Abelina', 'OAC Leikviu' and 'Monarkh', 'SG SR Picor' and 'Hieba'. Cluster analysis of soybean cultivars by morphological traits showed that 'Abelina' was the most distant from the group of investigated cultivars with a value of genetic distances ranged from 2.8 to 11.0. Cultivars 'Amadeus' and DH 530, which formed a cluster and were at a distance of 1.4, appeared the most morphologically similar. Analysis of genetic distances by SSR markers and morphological traits showed a positive correlation by Mantel test. Description of morphological traits and microsatellite markers is useful for the identification of soybean cultivars, building-up collections of well-known cultivars and determination of the differences between them.

The purpose of study was to assess the genetic diversity of potato varieties of different maturity groups by SSR markers. Twenty-four potato varieties of different maturity groups (very early, yearly, medium, late) were investigated by 8 SSR markers (STM0019, STM3009, STM2005, STM2028, STM3012, STM3023, STM5136, STM5148) for genetic diversity assessment. To assess the genetic diversity of studied varieties, the cluster analysis was performed and the genetic distances between varieties were determined. As results of PCR analysis from 6 to 10 alleles were determined with an average of 7.88 alleles. The most polymorphic marker was STM2028 with PIC 0.89. The lowest value of PIC (0.78) was obtained for STM3012 marker. For other studied markers values of PIC were from 0.82 to 0.88. It was found, that the most similar varieties are varieties with genetic distance 3.74: Pravda and Riviera, Pravda and Vzirets. The most different varieties turned out to be Vzirets and Lilly, ESMEE and Opilla varieties with genetic distance 6.00. Thus, it was found that the major of studied varieties formed cluster grouts according their maturity groups.

Наведено результати досліджень молекулярно-генетичного поліморфізму у генотипів цукрових буряків із використанням RAPD-і SSRаналізу. Виявлено та проаналізовано 14 алелів за чотирма RAPD-маркерами, встановлена гетерогенність матеріалів за частотою алелів (0,22-0,67) у досліджуваних генотипів, що свідчить про можливість застосування цих маркерів для генотипування цукрових буряків та визначення ступеня спорідненості між ними. Ідентифіковано п'ять типів алелів для застосування ДНК-маркеру GZM 086, за якими визначено поліморфні генотипи цукрових буряків: Катюша, УЛВ 37, Білоцерківський ЧС 57, Ялтушківський 64, Український ЧС 72. Виявлені алелі можна застосовувати для створення генетичних профілів, що характеризують генетичне різноманіття сортів та гібридів цукрових буряків. Визначені генетичні дистанції між генотипами у вибірці, які характеризують ступінь подібності досліджених форм. Встановлено, що найбільш подібними виявились генотипи, які належать до одного кластеру за досліджуваними ДНК-маркерами. Визначено, що генотипи із значенням генетичних дистанцій, яке наближається до одиниці є віддаленим за досліджуваним локусом. Встановлено, що з метою ідентифікації та диференціації сортів цукрових буряків доцільно застосовувати визначення міжсортового поліморфізму за використання різних ДНК-маркерів. Ключові слова: молекулярно-генетичний поліморфізм, RAPD-, SSRмаркери, генотипування Цукровий буряк (Beta vulgaris L.) відноситься до найважливіших технічних культур як основний продуцент цукру в умовах помірного клімату. На теперішній час селекційно-насінницькі компанії пропонують виробництву великий асортимент гібридів цукрового буряку, які створюються і підтримуються за унікальними схемами для кожної селекційної установи і проходять випробування в різних регіонах світу. Це викликає необхідність varieties and hybrids of sugar beet it is appropriate to use the definition of intervarietal polymorphism using different DNA-markers.

The main goal of this study was to identify the unique gene pool of old and historically valuable Quercus robur L. and Tilia cordata L. to be able to characterise their genetic diversity in order to determine the polymorphism by expressed sequence tag-single sequence repeat (EST-SSR) markers and identify the most valuable specimens. Morphological description, molecular genetic analysis, and statistical analysis were used in studies. The genetic distances between old-value trees of different Quercus L. and Tilia L. were determined based on EST-SSR markers and morphological characteristics. Using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), alleles of the expected size were obtained. It was determined that four to eight alleles were obtained by seven SSR markers in the studied Q. robur L. samples. According to the calculated value of the locus polymorphism index (polymorphism information content [PIC]), the most polymorphic was the marker SSRQrZAG 65; the PIC was 0.84. The lowest value of PIC was observed in the marker SSRQrZAG 11; the PIC was 0.69. Intragenetic polymorphism was detected for all studied markers. Among the studied samples of linden, two to five alleles were identified. It was found that the highest value of PIC was obtained for the marker Ts920 – 0.72. The least polymorphic was the marker Ts927 (PIC was 0.28), which is not only due to the small number of alleles, but also their uneven distribution in the sample. Intragenetic polymorphism was detected in four of the six markers analysed for T. cordata L. In this study, polymorphism was detected in all studied samples of Q. robur L. and T. cordata L., which allows to assess their genetic diversity based on the distribution of alleles.

In the article, the results on the development of cell selection scheme for sugar beet genotypes resistant to high temperature are presented. In terms of increase in the callus diameter and the ability to regenerate plants, lines of high-temperature resistant genotypes Yaltushkivskyi MS 72, Ukrainian MS 70, Ukrainian MS 72 and Katiusha found to be promising for breeding. Experiments confirmed that 5-7 times increased proline content is typical of the temperature resistant lines. We investigated the molecular and genetic polymorphism in sugar beet genotypes using RAPD and SSR analyses. Fourteen alleles were identified and analyzed by four RAPD markers and five alleles by GZM 086 marker. Cluster analysis using DNA markers shows that Ukrainian MS 72 and Ivanivskyi MS 33 are the most similar genotypes, and they are found in the same cluster. It was determined that the temperature resistant sugar beet genotypes Yaltushkivskyi MS 72, Ukrainian MS 70, Ukrainian MS 72 and Katiusha are genetically distant and therefore can be used to create heterotic hybrids.