Modern society demands more sustainable and economical construction elements. One of the available options for manufacturing this type of element is the valorisation of end-of-life waste, such as, for example, the recycling of polymers used in industry. The valorisation of these wastes reduces costs and avoids the pollution generated by their landfill disposal. With the aim of helping to obtain this type of material, this work describes a methodology for recycling polyethylene for the manufacture of fibres that will later be used as reinforcement for structural concrete. These fibres are manufactured using an injection moulding machine. Subsequently, their physical and mechanical properties are measured and compared with those of the material before it is crushed and injected. The aim of this comparison is to evaluate the recycling process and analyse the reduction of the physical-mechanical properties of the recycled polyethylene in the process. Finally, to determine the properties of the fibre concrete, three types of concrete were produced: a control concrete, a reinforced concrete with 2 kg/m3 of fibres, and a reinforced concrete with 4 kg/m3 of fibres. The results show an enhancement of mechanical properties when the fibres are incorporated, particularly the tensile strength; and they also show excellent performance controlling cracking in concrete.

One of the biggest challenges in facilitating the installation of concrete is the development of fibre-reinforced concrete. Although nowadays fibre reinforced concrete is relatively common, it is still necessary to deepen in the study on its behaviour, especially regarding its fatigue behaviour. This paper proposes a new methodology to analyse the bending fatigue behaviour of notched test specimens. From these tests, it was possible to verify that, despite carrying out the tests with load control, the presence of fibres extends the fatigue life of the concrete after cracking. This effect is of great importance since during the extra lifetime with the cracked concrete, the damage to the concrete will be evident and the corresponding maintenance measures can be carried out. Regarding the analysis of the results, in addition to obtaining a traditional S-N curve, two new criteria have been applied, namely energy and notch growth. From these two new approaches, it was possible to determine critical energy values that can be used as predictive indicators of the collapse of the element. Moreover, from the notch growth analysis, it was possible to determine crack growth rate as a function of the stress conditions for the concrete and the specific geometry. From the comparison among the results obtained from the different tests, a limit cracking index of 0.05 mm can be defined.

This research analyses the strain behaviour of fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) in the event of a creep episode. The analysis of creep experienced by FRC specimens during the test reflects better performance than that predicted by the EHE-08 standard. The authors propose a formulation for the evaluation of creep strain undergone by FRC. During the research, the evolution of the modulus of elasticity of FRC after a creep episode is analysed. After the test campaign, it can be concluded that FRC loaded at an earlier age stiffens after a creep episode. After the creep test is completed, the delayed elastic strain undergone by FRC is analysed and it is observed that FRC loaded at an earlier age undergoes less deformation. The authors propose a formulation for the evaluation of the delayed elastic strain undergone by FRC after a creep episode.

No abstract

The use of fibre-reinforced concrete (FRC) in structural applications is increasing significantly as a result of (1) the acceptance of this composite into design guidelines and (2) the improvement in terms of sustainability performance that has been reported for cases where FRC has been used. In this context, fibre orientation and distribution are factors that govern the post-cracking response of the FRC. Researchers have already dealt with the analysis of both variables from an experimental and numerical perspective, and design-oriented recommendations were included in existing design guidelines (i.e., fib Model Code 2020). Nonetheless, there are still technical aspects to be answered within a research framework before the influence of these variables on the mechanical response of FRC could be covered with sufficient reliability. In this regard, this research is aimed at shedding light on the influence of the mould geometry and concrete pouring/vibration procedures on the fibre orientation and distribution variables as well as on the post-cracking performance of the FRC. An extensive experimental programme aimed at characterising these variables using novel testing techniques (i.e., an inductive non-destructive approach for quantifying fibre amount and orientation and the BCN test for assessing the pre- and post-cracking responses of the FRC) was carried out for this purpose. A relationship has been found between the shape of the formwork and the direction of pouring, along with the direction and distribution of the fibres, both of which proved to have an influence on the residual tensile strength of the concrete. However, it has been confirmed that the first crack resistance depends on the concrete matrix, with the addition of fibres having no relevant influence on that mechanical parameter. The results and conclusions derived from this experimental programme can be extended to FRCs and boundary conditions similar to those established herein.