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This document and trademark(s) contained herein are protected by law. This representation of RAND intellectual property is provided for noncommercial use only. Unauthorized posting of this publication online is prohibited. Permission is given to duplicate this document for personal use only, as long as it is unaltered and complete. Permission is required from RAND to reproduce, or reuse in another form, any of its research documents for commercial use. For information on reprint and linking permissions, please visit www.rand.org/pubs/permissions.html.The RAND Corporation is a research organization that develops solutions to public policy challenges to help make communities throughout the world safer and more secure, healthier and more prosperous. RAND is nonprofit, nonpartisan, and committed to the public interest.RAND's publications do not necessarily reflect the opinions of its research clients and sponsors. Support RAND The RAND Homeland Security and Defense CenterThe research in this report was conducted in the Homeland Security and Defense Center (HSDC), which performs analysis to prepare and protect communities and critical infrastructure from natural disasters and terrorism. HSDC projects examine a wide range of riskmanagement problems, including coastal and border security, emergency preparedness and response, defense support to civil authorities, transportation security, domestic intelligence, and technology acquisition. HSDC clients include the U.S. Department of Homeland Security, the U.S. Department of Defense, the U.S. Department of Justice, and other organizations charged with security and disaster preparedness, response, and recovery. HSDC is a joint center of two research divisions: RAND Justice, Infrastructure, and Environment and the RAND National Security Research Division. RAND Justice, Infrastructure, and Environment is dedicated to improving policy and decisionmaking in a wide range of policy domains, including civil and criminal justice, infrastructure protection and homeland security, transportation and energy policy, and environmental and natural resource policy.

disaster recovery plan, as required by the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018. Under contract with the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA), the Homeland Security Operational Analysis Center (HSOAC) provided substantial support in developing the plan by soliciting and integrating inputs from a wide variety of stakeholders, contributing analysis where needed, and assisting in drafting the plan. The plan included an overview of damage and needs, courses of action to meet those needs, costs of the courses of action, and potential funding mechanisms for those costs.To support federal agencies evaluating and funding recovery actions, HSOAC is releasing this detailed volume for the economic sector. The purpose of this document is to give decisionmakers more detail on the conditions in Puerto Rico prior to the 2017 hurricane season, the damage from Hurricanes Irma and Maria, the courses of action identified to help the sector (and, more broadly, Puerto Rico) recover in a resilient manner, potential funding mechanisms, and considerations for implementers as they move forward. This volume is specifically focused on the preexisting conditions and policies that contributed to the economic contraction in Puerto Rico before Hurricanes Irma and Maria and the potential actions that could be taken to promote growth in the post-storm period. More information on HSOAC's contribution to the recovery plan development and links to companion documents in this series can be found at www.rand.org/hsoac/puerto-rico -recovery. This document will likely also be of interest to other stakeholders funding or implementing recovery activities in Puerto Rico, including government and local agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and the private sector. Furthermore, this body of material contributes to the larger literature about disaster recovery and resilience and may be of interest to other communities planning for or recovering from similar disasters.

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presenting the results. I would like to thank the rest of my committee, Debra Knopman and Fritz Raffensperger, for painstakingly pursuing the details of my research narrative and helping me revise my work. I would also like to thank my outside reader, Marc Ribaudo, for serving as my outside reader through his recent retirement from USDA ERS. I would like to thank all the policy administrators, Iowa University extension professors, and hog industry experts who replied to my emails and consented to be interviewed for my study. Without the information they shared, I would not have been able to proceed. I would also like to recognize the State Data Center of Iowa, the Iowa DNR, Iowa State University, and the Iowa Lakes Valuation Project for making so much data publicly available for researchers like me. I would like to recognize and thank my sister Diana for talking through my research design to help me write the last chapter. I must thank my parents, for their support and for helping me pay my rent, which has been essential to my staying sane and fed. I would also like to thank my RAND project leaders, friends and family for their understanding while I was working on writing full-time. This research was supported by generous funding from the John M. Cazier Dissertation Award in Sustainability, the Doris Dong Dissertation Award, and the Anne and James Rothenberg Dissertation Award. The Cazier Award supported my research through multiple years and was particularly essential to continuing this work, as no relevant RAND projects occurred on this topic. Finally, I would like to recognize the Pardee RAND Graduate school students, faculty, and administration for building a supportive community where each student learns that they can be successful following their interests.