Introduction: About 30% of women may have unexplained uterine bleeding at some stage in their lives. There are considerable costs to both the economy and the health sector, in addition to the direct effects on the woman and her family. After excessive bleeding has been established, the acronym PALM-COEIN is increasingly being used to classify the causes. Objectives: To assess the prevalence and to find out the contributing factors of abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB). Materials and methods: A retrospective study approach was adopted with a descriptive research design. The population for the study includes women diagnosed with AUB. The tool contains demographic variables of women with AUB, clinical variables, and contributing factors to assess AUB by using PALM-COEIN classification. Results: With regard to age, the maximum 213 (78%) were in a group of 40 years and above. In the menstrual cycle, 159 (58.2%) were having a regular cycle. Out of 273 women, 202 (74%) have no previous history of medical illness. The value of body mass index (BMI) shows 151 (55.3%) had normal BMI. The prevalence rate was 6.94%. About 93 (34.1%) had maximum contributing factor with adenomyosis. Then, 50 (18.3%) had iatrogenic as a contributing factor. There is no malignancy and hyperplasia and coagulopathy as a contributing factor. According to the findings of this report, AUB can cause unnecessary disruption in women's daily activities, as well as serious medical consequences or exacerbation of anemia.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a disease of cartilage degradation, which results pain in major joints, especially in knee joint. Globally, OA ranks eighth in all diseases and covers around 15% proportions among all musculoskeletal problems. Background: Osteoarthritis is a disease of the cartilage which leads to degradation and results in pain in the major joints, especially in the knee joints. Knee joint pain is the most frequent complaint among the geriatric population. The objectives of this study were to assess the level of pain in knee joint among elderly, to evaluate the effectiveness of hot water application with Epsom salt on knee joint pain among elderly, and to find out the association between the level of pain in knee joint and selected demographic variables. Materials and methods: A preexperimental research design was adopted for this study. This study was conducted among elderly aged above 60 years residing in T.N. Palayam. In total, 29 samples of elderly aged above 60 years residing in T.N. Palayam were selected based on the purposive sampling technique. The demographic data were collected from the elderly and then the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) oesteoarthritis rating scale was used to assess the degree of pain. Results: The result revealed that out of 29 samples, pretest mean score level of pain was 2.93 with the standard deviation of 0.593, whereas after implementation of Epsom salt with hot water application, the posttest mean pain score was 2.17 with the standard deviation of 0.384. The effectiveness was statistically tested by paired t test which was found to be highly statistically significant at p less than 0.001.

Background: Anxiety is an emotional condition characterized by fear, uneasiness, and worry over potentially dangerous situations, as well as a physiological state of awareness. Surgery is a severe procedure that is often accompanied by bleeding, discomfort, and the danger of morbidity or death. As a result, preoperative anxiety is frequent, and the reported prevalence of preoperative anxiety among patients undergoing various types of surgery ranges from 60 to 90%. The objectives of the study were to assess the anxiety level among patients undergoing surgery and to associate the anxiety level with selected demographic variables. Materials and methods: Descriptive research design was used for the study. The study population was patients who were undergoing surgery admitted to a tertiary care hospital. A purposive sampling technique was used to select 40 patients from the surgery ward. The demographic data were collected from the samples and Beck Anxiety Inventory Scale was administered to assess the anxiety level among patients undergoing surgery. Result: The result revealed that out of 40 samples, 26 (65%) had severe anxiety, 10 (25%) had moderate anxiety, and 4 (10%) had a low level of anxiety. It shows that majority of the adults had anxiety while undergoing surgery.

Background: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) is the most frequent life-threatening nosocomial infection in intensive care units (ICUs). Reported incidences vary widely from 5 to 40% depending on the setting and diagnostic criteria. Aims and objectives:(1) To assess the prevalence of VAP among patients admitted to critical care units. (2) To find out the contributing factors of VAP among patients admitted to critical care units. Materials and methods: A retrospective approach was adopted for the study. The population of the study involves the patients diagnosed with VAP. The cluster sampling technique was used. Data were collected from the records based on the demographic variables and the contributing factors that were listed out in the study. Results: With regard to the contributing factors of the VAP, 40 samples were available. Out of these 40 samples, 12 (30%) were with respiratory illness, 7 (17.5%) were with cardiovascular disorders, 7 (17.5%) were with kidney diseases, 5 (12.5%) were with prolonged length of stay, 2 (5%) were with the resistance to antibiotics and invasive procedures, 3 (7.5%) were with trauma, and 1 (2.5%) was with septicemia and multiple organ dysfunction syndrome.