45 undergraduates discussed a moral issue with a confederate who had the same opinion (no controversy) or opposite opinion (controversy). Subjects in the conditions with controversy were induced to have a high level of defensiveness by a disconfirmation of personal competence or a low level of defensiveness by a confirmation. Subjects in no controversy experienced confirmation. Subjects in the condition of confirm controversy indicated mote conceptual conflict (uncertainty) and were more accurate in taking the cognitive perspective of the confederate than were subjects in the condition of confirm no controversy. These results support Piaget's and Kohlberg's views of the role of controversy in perspective-taking and cognitive development and Berlyne's theory of conceptual conflict and epistemic curiosity. Subjects in the condition of disconfirm controversy experienced more uncertainty and were more accurate in cognitive perspective-taking than were subjects in the condition of confirm controversy. Subjects in the condition of disconfirm controversy also experienced more internal distress, derogated the confederate and the confederate's position and arguments to a greater extent, and indicated greater closed-mindedness in responding to the confederate and the confederate's arguments than did subjects in the condition of confirm controversy.

ccupational and environmental health nursing is one of the more comple x and challenging areas of nursing practice. As with other nursing specialties, occupational and environmental health nurses must have a sound foundation in nursing sciences. In addition , effective practice require s expertise in the occupational and the environment al health sciences, knowledge of principle s of business and management, and an understanding of regulatory processes. Because occupational and environmental health nursing is such an autonomous specialty, occupational and environmental health nurses are often challenged to develop creative and independent solutions to complex health and safety problems. They must have the ability to think critically and to respond to the needs of both workers and employers. With the expan sive growth of nursing specialization and the increased emphasis on professional accountability, certification has become a critical process embraced by a large number of occupational and environmental

The purpose of the Oncology Nursing Society (ONS) Oncology Nurse Navigator Role Delineation Study was to examine the job-function activities of the oncology nurse navigator, thus providing an understanding of this unique role. The Role Delineation Advisory Committee consisting mainly of oncology nurse navigators was formed to provide content expertise to Applied Measurement Professionals, which conducted the role delineation study. Three hundred and thirty nurses completed the survey. The study clearly defined tasks, knowledge areas, and skills that are very specific to the nurse navigator role; however, the overlap in knowledge with the general oncology nurse role needs to be explored. The ONS Board of Directors and the Oncology Nursing Certification Corporation Board of Directors currently are exploring the need for additional initiatives to help define the role and competencies of the oncology nurse navigator.

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