There is evidence of a rapid increase in the returns to education in Vietnam in the 1990s and 2000s. There was a substantial change in education policy in the 2000s, especially opening up education opportunities for education providers to expand educational facilities and training.These changes could lead to a decline in the returns to education. To provide up-to-date estimates of the returns, we re-visit the returns using updated large-scale survey data to 2014.

Being an entrepreneur or continuing to work as a regular employee is a difficult decision a number of people are dealing with when choosing their career. The entrepreneurs can contribute for the economics' growth. However, because of the high rate of failure businesses, the failed entrepreneurs have to deal with amorous difficulties. This study has conducted to identify the life of the entrepreneurs who had failure experiences from the time after their failure to the recovery time of them. The quantitative method was conducted to find the relationship between the entrepreneurial human capital and the learning process from failure, the restart intention. The finding of this research indicated positive impact of entrepreneurial human capital and failure learning on restart intention. The research also provided evidences to scholars who are developing literature review of entrepreneurship to help them with a new researching direction about entrepreneurs' intentions and behaviors by using Motivation-Opportunity-Ability perspectives. Based on this study, failed entrepreneurs would be provided with different points of view about their collapse, as well as found some helpful mechanisms to use as resources and drew useful lessons from their failure to build up optimism in their future entrepreneurial career.

Leadership competencies are expected to be critical factors for Chief Executive Officers (CEOs) of small and medium sized enterprises (SMEs) to be successful and to lead their SMEs to play the role as the major driver toward economic development in Vietnam. This paper aims to understand the perceptions of CEOs of Vietnamese SMEs regarding the importance of some leadership competencies and the extent to which the competencies of knowledge, skills and attitudes have been acquired by these CEOs. This research was used them a large-scale survey and in-depth interviews method to solve those issues. The result of this research included the significant difference between the perceived importance and the level of acquisition of these competencies, particularly in Vietnam Small and Medium Entreprises. The result of this research can be seen as the important source for practioners in order to design effective training and development programs tailored for CEOs of SMEs.

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The recent problems of bankruptcies and ineffective performance under the impact of the recession of 2008-2009 had raised questions about the importance of leadership in Vietnamese private enterprises. This paper presents the results of an empirical study that explores leaders' decisions during 2008-2012 to help their business survive; their forecasts and expectations for when the recession was over and the competencies needed for successful leadership in times of recession. The survey sample was composed of 478 CEOs and 561 senior managers in Vietnamese private enterprises. The results indicate almost respondents of the surveyed leaders agreed about slow economic recovery and the moderate level of leadership and management performance were forecasted. Struggling with impact of recession, the surveyed leaders agreed that adapting to an increasingly complex and unpredictable business environment is essential and they must be more flexible. Especially, amongst the 14 factors, sustainability, working enthusiasm and willingness to take risk appear to be more responded in what leaders should do in times of economic downturn. Meantime, it also can be concluded from the survey of senior managers about leader's needed competences that all values are under 4.0, which means no leadership competencies or skills is evaluated as good or excellent.