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Context Retirement is an opportune time for people to establish new healthy routines. Exercise and nutritional interventions are promising in the prevention and treatment of sarcopenic obesity. Objective This systematic review aimed   to assess the effectiveness of nutritional and exercise interventions for the treatment of sarcopenic obesity in persons of retirement age. Data Sources PubMed, Embase, CINAHL, and CENTRAL databases were searched in September 2021 for randomized controlled trials; a manual search was also conducted. The search yielded 261 studies, of which 11 were eligible for inclusion. Data Extraction Studies of community-dwelling individuals with sarcopenic obesity receiving any nutritional or exercise intervention ≥ 8 weeks with the mean age  ±  standard deviation between 50 and 70 years were included. Primary endpoint was body composition, and secondary endpoints were body mass index, muscle strength, and physical function. The literature review, study selection, data extraction, and risk-of-bias assessment were performed by two reviewers independently. Data were pooled for meta-analysis when possible. Results Meta-analysis was only possible for the exposure “resistance training” and the exposure “training (resistance or aerobic)” in combination with the exposure “added protein” as compared with “no intervention” or “training alone.” Resistance training led to a significant body fat reduction of −1.53% (95%CI, −2.91 to −0.15), an increase in muscle mass of 2.72% (95%CI, 1.23–4.22), an increase in muscle strength of 4.42 kg (95%CI, 2.44–6.04), and a slight improvement in gait speed of 0.17 m/s (95%CI, 0.01–0.34). Protein combined with an exercise intervention significantly reduces fat mass (−0.80 kg; 95%CI, −1.32 to −0.28). Some individual studies of dietary or food supplement interventions for which data could not be pooled showed positive effects on body composition. Conclusion Resistance training is an effective treatment for persons of retirement age with sarcopenic obesity. Increased protein intake combined with exercise may increase reductions in fat mass. Systematic Review Registration PROSPERO registration no. CRD42021276461.

Aims To reflect on the situation of nurse managers, examining their professional relationships and additional working duties during the second COVID‐19 wave. Design Cross‐sectional online survey with open questions. Methods Nurse managers from different healthcare institutions, for example, hospitals and nursing homes, were included. Data collection took place from November 2020 to March 2021. Open questions were analysed with qualitative content analysis. Result In total, 321 managers took part. With regard to professional relationships, four main themes were identified: cooperation, cohesion, communication and consequences. While cooperation and cohesion in the nursing and the interprofessional team were predominantly considered positive, communication was seen as challenging. Additional work duties arose in relation to fulfilling regulatory requirements, managing personnel and carrying out both organizational and informational tasks. Consequences of the pandemic were mentioned in two thematic categories (professional relations and additional work duties). Participants referred to a loss of image, a reduction in job satisfaction and mental stress. Conclusion The regulation of certain tasks by the central authority, such as the enrolment of employees to manage the use of personal protective equipment, would make the managers' duties simpler. This would enable them to direct their attention towards their teams and provide necessary support in other parts of their profession. Impact What problem did the study address? Nursing managers are important members of the nursing team and faced particular challenges during the pandemic. Nevertheless, their perspectives are rarely presented in research. What were the main findings? Overall, communication was perceived as good, and cohesion was strengthened during the pandemic. However, heavy burdens were placed on nursing managers due to the numerous additional tasks. On whom will the research have an impact? Facility managers and government representatives are called upon to provide supportive measures and clear information for nursing managers to relieve them from additional duties during the pandemic.

Background Sarcopenic obesity (SO) is an increasing phenomenon and has been linked to several negative health consequences. The aim of this umbrella review is the assessment of effectiveness and certainty of evidence of nutrition and exercise interventions in persons with SO. Method We searched for meta-analyses of RCTs in PubMed, EMBASE and CENTRAL that had been conducted in the last five years, focusing on studies on the treatment and prevention of SO. The primary endpoints were parameters for SO, such as body fat in %, skeletal muscle mass index (SMMI), gait speed, leg strength and grip strength. The methodological quality was evaluated using AMSTAR and the certainty of evidence was assessed using GRADE. Results Four systematic reviews with between 30 to 225 participants were included in the umbrella review. These examined four exercise interventions, two nutrition interventions and four interventions that combined nutrition and exercise. Resistance training was the most frequently studied intervention and was found to improve gait speed by 0.14 m/s to 0.17 m/s and lower leg strength by 9.97 kg. Resistance, aerobic, mixed exercise and hypocaloric diet combined with protein supplementation is not significantly effective on selected outcomes for persons with SO compared to no intervention. The low number of primary studies included in the reviews resulted in moderate to very low certainty of evidence. Conclusion Despite the lack in certainty of evidence, resistance training may be a suitable intervention for persons with SO, in particular for improving muscle function. Nevertheless, further research is necessary to strengthen the evidence.