Resumen: La producción primaria de la leche es uno de los eslabones más importantes a lo largo de la cadena de producción, tratamiento y manejo de la leche y sus subproductos; así, debe asegurarse que la leche sea producida por animales sanos, bajo óptimas condiciones higiénicas y de manejo, que garanticen un producto inocuo y de calidad. Sin embargo, existen peligros asociados a la producción primaria de la leche que representan riesgos potenciales de causar daño a los consumidores; afortunadamente, pueden ser controlados bajo ciertas regulaciones. Estos peligros pueden ser catalogados como físicos (cuerpos extraños), químicos (pesticidas, antibióticos, micotoxinas, metales pesados o desinfectantes) o microbiológicos (microorganismos patógenos). Al mismo tiempo, de manera complementaria, la industria lechera demanda un producto proveniente de la finca que cumpla estándares deseables de calidad; esto se logra con la aplicación de normas específicas, tanto nacionales como internacionales, que procuren reducir los riesgos a un mínimo aceptable. Entre estas normas se encuentran las emitidas por el Codex Alimentarius y las de la Organización de las Naciones Unidas para la Alimentación y la Agricultura (FAO). Por ende, los productores de leche, así como las asociaciones, cooperativas, industria y gobierno, deben impulsar y verificar la aplicación de medidas de manejo que colaboren a controlar los aspectos que influyen durante la extracción y mantenimiento de la leche.Palabras clave: Leche, producción primaria, inocuidad, lácteos, peligros Abstract: Primary production of milk is one of the most important aspects in the chain of production, processing and handling of milk and dairy products. Consequently, producing milk from healthy animals under optimal management and hygienic conditions should be ensured in order to produce a safe quality product. However, although some hazards associated with primary production of milk represent potential risks to consumers, fortunately, they can be controlled following certain regulations. These hazards can be classified as physical (foreign bodies), chemical (pesticides, antibiotics, mycotoxins, heavy metals or disinfectants), and microbiological (pathogens). Complementarily, the dairy industry demands products from farms meeting desirable quality standards, which is achieved with the implementation of specific national and international standards aimed to reduce risks to an acceptable
Campylobacter spp. is considered the most common bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis, one of the four main causes of diarrheal disease worldwide, and one of the main foodborne pathogens causing hospitalizations and deaths. A total of 148 strains of Campylobacter spp. isolated from poultry at farms, processing plants and retail stores in Costa Rica were examined for resistance to six antibiotics. An agar dilution test was used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration and susceptibility profiles against doxycycline, ciprofloxacin, nalidixic acid, enrofloxacin, chloramphenicol and erythromycin. In addition, a PFGE analysis was carried out to determine the genotype relatedness of a representative subset of the isolates. Around 92% (136/148) of the analyzed isolates showed resistance to the tested drugs. Nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin and enrofloxacin, were the antibiotics for which resistance occurred most frequently (91.2%, 85.8% and 85.8%, respectively); followed by doxycycline (25.0%), chloramphenicol (5.4%) and erythromycin (2.7%). The profile conferring only resistance to quinolones was the most frequently found in this study, and only 2.0% of the isolates showed resistance to quinolones and macrolides simultaneously. Results showed a high frequency of resistant Campylobacter spp. strains, and evidenced the distribution, selection, and circulation of resistant strains along the poultry chain from farms to consumers. Cross contamination and resistance seem to play an important role in the dissemination of these strains at specific points of the poultry chain even when control measures are being taken. The establishment of effective surveillance and control strategies represents an essential tool for foodborne diseases mitigation. The rational use of antibiotics, especially those still showing efficacy, should be a priority issue in both human and veterinary medicine in order to contain the progress of this phenomenon and its consequences.
Factores asociados a la contaminación con Campylobacter spp. termotolerante en pollos de engorde, en tres niveles de la cadena avícola, para consumo humano en Costa Rica.Factors associated to thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. contamination of broilers in three levels of the poultry chain for human consumption in Costa Rica Resumen. Campylobacter spp. es una bacteria destacada por ser causa frecuente de infecciones transmitidas por alimentos, tanto en países desarrollados como en vías de desarrollo. Se realizó un estudio transversal, entre marzo y julio del 2015, con el fin de obtener la prevalencia nacional de Campylobacter spp. en pollo de engorde para consumo humano. Se utilizó un diseño de muestreo simultáneo en tres niveles de la cadena productiva avícola costarricense: 152 muestras en granja (CC), 104 en planta (CA) y 96 en puntos de venta (PV). Se elaboró formularios de variables asociadas al manejo en las plantas (CC y CA) y los PV. Los formularios, en las plantas, incluyeron variables relacionadas con datos generales como: ubicación y volumen de producción, buenas prácticas higiénicas y de manufactura (BPHM), procesos, y HACCP. En PV se evaluó aspectos relacionados con BPHM, temperatura del producto, y precio por kg de pollo limpio, entre otros. Se determinó como factores de riesgo los siguientes: tiempo de espera de animales vivos en andén > 60 minutos (RP = 2.28, IC 95% 1.23-4.21); velocidad de proceso <120 aves/min (RP=1.51, IC95% 1.09-2.10); temperatura del agua del chiller ≤0.5ºC (RP 1.60, IC95% 1.18-2.17); sin separación física entre matrices de diferente origen animal en PV (RP=1.78, IC95% 1.43-2.20) y precio en PV ≤2000 colones/kg de pollo limpio (RP=1.73, IC95% 1.21-2.46). La prevalencia encontrada de Campylobacter spp. es alta. Representa un peligro para la salud pública en Costa Rica. Por tal motivo, se debe implementar intervenciones bactericidas más eficientes contra este agente y mejorar las BPHM en cada eslabón de la cadena de producción.Palabras clave: Campylobacter spp., factores de riesgo, avicultura, puntos de venta, inocuidad.Abstract. Campylobacter spp. are bacteria known to cause foodborne diseases in both developed and developing countries. A cross-sectional study was conducted between March and July 2015 to determine the national prevalence of Campylobacter spp. in broilers for human consumption. A simultaneous sampling design was used in three levels of the Costa Rican poultry production (PV). For this research, questionnaires were prepared with variables related to plant (CC and CA) and PV management. The plant questionnaire included variables related to general data such as location and volume of production, good hygiene and manufacturing practices (GHMP), as well as processes and HACCP. In PV aspects such as the following were evaluated: GHMP, product temperature, and price per kg/chicken. The following were identified as risk factors: resting period of live animals in platform > 60 minutes (PR = 2.28, 95% CI 1.23-4.21), processing speed <120 birds/min (PR = 1.51, 95% CI 1.09...
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