Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes, play a key role in inter and intracellular communication, promoting the proliferation and invasion of recipient cells to support tumor growth and metastasis. Metastasis comprises multiple steps that first include the detachment of tumor cells through epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), allowing the physical dissemination to distant organs. Thereafter, cancer-derived exosomes are still critical components for preparing the tumor microenvironment by (i) enabling tumor cells to escape from the immunological surveillance and (ii) arranging the pre-metastatic site for the engraftment of detached cancer cells. In this review, we discuss the multifaceted role of EVs in the multiple steps of metastasis. Future research directions draw attention to EVs as biological targets for cancer diagnosis, prognosis and therapy. However, due to their significant role in cell communication, they may become a valuable drug delivery system.
Infection by Toxoplasma gondii affects around one-third of world population and the treatment for patients presenting toxoplasmosis clinically manifested disease is mainly based by a combination of sulfadiazine, pyrimethamine, and folinic acid. However, this therapeutic protocol is significantly toxic, causing relevant dose-related bone marrow damage. Thus, it is necessary to improve new approaches to investigate the usefulness of more effective and non-toxic agents for treatment of patients with toxoplasmosis. It has been described that lectins from plants can control parasite infections, when used as immunological adjuvants in vaccination procedures. This type of lectins, such as ArtinM and ScLL is able to induce immunostimulatory activities, including efficient immune response against parasites. The present study aimed to evaluate the potential immunostimulatory effect of ScLL and ArtinM for treatment of T. gondii infection during acute phase, considering that there is no study in the literature accomplishing this issue. For this purpose, bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs) were treated with different concentrations from each lectin to determine the maximum concentration without or with lowest cytotoxic effect. After, it was also measured the cytokine levels produced by these cells when stimulated by the selected concentrations of lectins. We found that ScLL showed high capacity to induce of pro-inflammatory cytokine production, while ArtinM was able to induce especially an anti-inflammatory cytokines production. Furthermore, both lectins were able to increase NO levels. Next, we evaluated the treatment effect of ScLL and ArtinM in C57BL/6 mice infected by ME49 strain from T. gondii. The animals were infected and treated with ScLL, ArtinM, ArtinM plus ScLL, or sulfadiazine, and the following parameters analyzed: Cytokines production, brain parasite burden and survival rates. Our results demonstrated that the ScLL or ScLL plus ArtinM treatment induced production of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines, showing differential but complementary profiles. Moreover, when compared with non-treated mice, the parasite burden was significantly lower and survival rates higher in mice treated with ScLL or ScLL plus ArtinM, similarly with sulfadiazine treatment. In conclusion, the results demonstrated the suitable potential immunotherapeutic effect of ScLL and ArtinM lectins to control acute toxoplasmosis in this experimental murine model.
Sobretudo pela oportunidade, por me aceitar como orientando apesar de minha pouquíssima experiência científico. A oportunidade que o Sr me proporcionou foi única, ter me colocado em contato com um mundo totalmente novo e desafiador. ObrigadoAos professores e colaboradores deste trabalho: A Prf a . Dr a Fernanda Santiago, pela paciência em ensinar princípios básicos de conduta em um laboratório de pesquisa. Sem duvida suas ações e atitude foram essenciais no desenvolvimento deste trabalho. Ao Prof. Dr Tiago Wilson Pratiarca Mineo. Pela sabedoria nas observações feitas ao longo deste projeto, sempre com ideias e colocações pertinentes. Sua postura de trabalho e conduta com seus alunos são exemplo a serem seguidos.A Dr a Ana Claudia Pajuaba, pela sua atenção nos experimentos realizados. Sempre contribuindo no crescimento de todos os alunos que a procuram.A Prof a . Dr a Neide Aparecida da Silva. Por Abrir as portas de seu laboratório e contribuir para a realização do trabalho. Tive a imensa felicidade em executar meu projeto sob a sua gestão como Coordenadora do nosso Programa de Pós-Graduação, sempre estando de prontidão a auxiliar os alunos que a procuravam.A Prof a Dr a Maria Cristina Roque Barreira. Por confiar a mim reagentes de seu laboratório utilizados na execução do projeto. Sou imensamente grato por sua contribuição. Aos demais colaboradores do trabalho.Ao MSc Elieser Lucas Pires Ramos, por seus ensinamentos e paciência, vejo em você o verdadeiro espírito de professor, apaixonado pelo saber e pelo ensinar. Obrigado por toda ajuda.Ao MSc Murilo Vieira Silva, por me ajudar em diversos experimentos, sempre disposto a ensinar e contribuir com a execução deste projeto.Ao MSc Silas Silva Santana, pelo companheirismo na rotina do laboratório, sendo um verdadeiro mentor para mim e os demais alunos que o procuram.Ao MSc Patrício da Silva Cardoso Barros, agradeço por sua disposição, prontamente disposto à ajudar todas as vezes que o procurei.Aos demais companheiros de grupo, Heber Leão, Fernando Reis, Luiz Carlos Gebrim. Sempre me lembrarei dos nossos momentos de descontração, espero que continuem com o espírito sempre alegre.Aos funcionários do laboratório de Imunologia: Marley, Max, Zilda e Cristina, que receberam com carinho todo esse tempo.Aos meus familiares, sobretido minha tia Lindamar Peixoto, exemplo de seriedade e conduta, por me incentivar desde cedo a traçar o caminho do estudo e do trabalho. Obrigado a Sr a. me inspira me faz querer ser um ser humano melhor.Aos animais que foram eutanasiados em prol do desenvolvimento desta pesquisa.
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