We report, for the first time to the best of our knowledge, spectral phase characterization and line-by-line pulse shaping of an optical frequency comb generated by nonlinear wave mixing in a microring resonator. Through programmable pulse shaping the comb is compressed into a train of near-transform-limited pulses of ≈ 300 fs duration (intensity full width half maximum) at 595 GHz repetition rate. An additional, simple example of optical arbitrary waveform generation is presented. The ability to characterize and then stably compress the frequency comb provides new data on the stability of the spectral phase and

While radiotherapy (RT) is commonly used in clinics for cancer treatment, the therapeutic efficiency is not satisfactory owing to the existence of the hypoxic tumor microenvironment which seriously affects the efficiency of RT. Herein, we design polyethylene glycol (PEG)-modified reduced nano-graphene oxide-manganese dioxide (rGO-MnO-PEG) nanocomposites to trigger oxygen generation from HO to reduce the tumor hypoxic microenvironments. We use the radioisotope, I labeled rGO-MnO-PEG nanocomposites as therapeutic agents for in vivo tumor radioisotope therapy (RIT), achieving excellent tumor killing and further enhancing the therapeutic efficiency of RIT. More importantly, the dissolution of MnO under acidic conditions and the redox process during the catalytic pathway of HO decomposition in the cellular microenvironment direct to the production of an enormous amount of Mn which has been used as a contrast agent for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our proposed work provides a strategy to trigger oxygen formation via an internal stimulus to enhance imaging-guided RIT efficiency.

Voltage-gated calcium channels (VGCCs) participate in many important physiological functions. However whether VGCCs are modulated by changes of osmolarity and involve in anisotonicityinduced nociception are still unknown. For this reason by using whole cell patch clamp techniques in rat and mouse trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons we tested the effects of hypo and hypertonicity on VGCCs. We found that high voltage-gated calcium current (I HVA ) was inhibited by both hypo and hypertonicity. In rat TG neurons, the inhibition by hypotonicity was mimicked by Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 receptor (TRPV4) activator but hypotonicity did not exhibit inhibition in TRPV4 −/− mice TG neurons. Concerning the downstream signaling pathways, antagonism of PKG pathway selectively reduced the hypotonicity-induced inhibition, whereas inhibition of PLC-and PI3K-mediated pathways selectively reduced the inhibition produced by hypertonicity. In summary, although the effects of hypo-and hypertonicity show similar phenotype, receptor and intracellular signaling pathways were selective for hypo-versus hypertonicity induced inhibition of I HVA .