No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

Background:We describe karyotypic variations and the in vitro methods for plant propagation and conservation as well as detailed chromosomal analysis of (Aloe vera L.) and Aloe littoralis from Iran during flowering stage. Objectives: This karyotypic was discovered because of a difference in the position of the chromosome and due to genomic differentiation in domesticated populations of the Iranian species. We show that highly conserved ortho selected karyotype in (Aloe vera L.) both in in vivo and in vitro grown cultivars. Materials and Methods: Cytological investigation of Aloe littoralis in vitro grown plants revealed its tetraploid nature. Chromosome behaviors in miosis cell division were studied in one hundred cells and the populations and the parameters such as number and type of formed chiasmas were recorded. Results: Despite the large size of the chromosomes, the most portions of the observed chiasmata were one chiasma per pairs of homologes. A population of Aloe littoralis showed high level of four chiasmata. The percentage of pollen viability is high in both (Aloe vera L.) and Aloe littoralis, yet the flowers failed to form fruits. Conclusions: This finding, in combination with regional differences in the frequency of the karyotype, has important values for future studies using Aloe spices.

Background: Patients with stroke are dependent on their family to relieve their physical and emotional needs after discharge from the hospital. The family plays an important role in caring for them, which is a stressful task for the caregivers. Objectives: This study aimed at investigating the experiences of caregivers of patients with stroke. Methods: This is a qualitative study (descriptive phenomenology), in which the participants included seven caregivers of stroke patients. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Data analysis was performed based on Colaizzi. Results: The results in the study were summarized in three main categories: anxiety (tension and stress, concern about economic future), care consequences (fatigue, reduced family interactions), and neglected needs (psychological needs, educational needs). Conclusions: According to the purpose of the study and its implications, it is concluded that nurses and physicians should pay more attention to the needs and concerns of patients and their caregivers and try to resolve them with regard to the consequences of the disease.