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Code switching has been studied in the context of a side effect of neurological pathology. However, little is known about how to apply code switching to the assessment of neuropathology and test development. This study reviewed and identified cognitive and linguistic theoretical underpinning, and neuropsychological and neuroanatomical aspects of code switching in order to use code switching to activate interference. These provide valuable information to consider for developing code switching-based neuropsychological tests. Overall, this study found that code switching is a diverse and multi-dimensional process. Theories mainly denote activation of the retrieval and organization of lexicolinguistic knowledge. Neuropsychological domains that are involved include executive functions, lexical retrieval, and working memory. Brain regions implicated in code switching heavily rely on frontosubcortical structures and, to a lesser extent, temporal and parietal cortical regions. These areas mainly involve executive control and language functions, which act to select relevant and inhibit irrelevant language networks. Specifically, these regions include the anterior cingulated cortex, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the bilateral supramarginal gyri, left caudate, left putamen, left globus pallidus, left thalamus, and middle temporal areas. The paper outlines the application of code switching tests using common executive functioning, lexical fluency, and working memory neuropsychology instrument. These include code switching versions of phonemic fluency, semantic fluency, written and oral Trail Making Test, and digit span. Interference, dual task, and other formulas are used to determine the degree of language interference and switching.

Abstract-Disagreement as a face threatening act is dispreferred because of violating social solidarity in talk. From gendered sociolinguistics perspective, men are attached to disagreement whereas women to agreement. This study, however, examines the strategies in which women disagree with one another as an interactional approach to convey their intended meanings. This paper draws on data from transcribed audio recorded face to face conversation of 4 groups of Iranian female friends in informal settings. The analysis of the data shows that the female participants express their disagreement boldly and explicitly, disregarding face threatening elements, just like men. It is also found that they care about maintaining their own faces more than the others' faces in the process of responding to disagreements. In addition, they exhibit a powerful style to criticize, challenge and contradict. It is finally argued that socio-cultural changes in the context of Iranian society had an impact on the females' interactive attitude.Index Terms-Disagreements, face and power, Iranian women, society. I. INTRODUCTIONDisagreement occurs when a person expresses a point of view that is in conflict with another person"s view or statement. Early works on conversation analysis (CA), concentrating on the social construction of talk, consider disagreement as a "dispreferred" second [1] since it violates the social solidarity of an interaction [2]. Disagreement can be either strong or soft. Strong disagreements are usually direct, bold, rude and offensive whereas soft disagreements are accompanied by hedges or indirect statements. However, soft or weak disagreements are preferred to strong disagreements in an interaction [3].Disagreements are more than just some utterances that are projected to express opposing ideas. According to [4], disagreements can be inter or intra culturally bonded. Reference [4] shows that in the process of disagreement, the interactants" history and their personal characteristics influence their disagreement. As such, it is very crude to look at the way the interactnats disagree without considering their sociocultural identities.Besides culture and the interactants" social background, gender of the interlocutors can influence disagreement [4] and the strategies which are employed. Drawing upon the adopted version of analysis of disagreement among men [5], Manuscript received May 24, 2014; revised August 27, 2014. Leila Mohajer is with the Women's Development Research Centre (KANITA), Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 USM, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia (e-mail: topazleos@yahoo.com).this study aims to look at the way female friends disagree with one another in single sex groups in an informal setting. The participants" gender and their socio-cultural background are taken into account in order to make a comprehensive interpretation of the analysis of the strategies they employ to disagree. Moreover, the purpose of their disagreement is considered in this study. According to Holmes [6], it is essential to focus back on women ...