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Code switching has been studied in the context of a side effect of neurological pathology. However, little is known about how to apply code switching to the assessment of neuropathology and test development. This study reviewed and identified cognitive and linguistic theoretical underpinning, and neuropsychological and neuroanatomical aspects of code switching in order to use code switching to activate interference. These provide valuable information to consider for developing code switching-based neuropsychological tests. Overall, this study found that code switching is a diverse and multi-dimensional process. Theories mainly denote activation of the retrieval and organization of lexicolinguistic knowledge. Neuropsychological domains that are involved include executive functions, lexical retrieval, and working memory. Brain regions implicated in code switching heavily rely on frontosubcortical structures and, to a lesser extent, temporal and parietal cortical regions. These areas mainly involve executive control and language functions, which act to select relevant and inhibit irrelevant language networks. Specifically, these regions include the anterior cingulated cortex, the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, the bilateral supramarginal gyri, left caudate, left putamen, left globus pallidus, left thalamus, and middle temporal areas. The paper outlines the application of code switching tests using common executive functioning, lexical fluency, and working memory neuropsychology instrument. These include code switching versions of phonemic fluency, semantic fluency, written and oral Trail Making Test, and digit span. Interference, dual task, and other formulas are used to determine the degree of language interference and switching.

Adolescence is an important stage of human development and is characterized by significant somatic growth and maturation of secondary sexual characteristics [1,2]. AbstractBackground: Obesity and the side effects of weight gain among Iranian females are significantly higher compared to males. In addition, the trend of overweight and obesity among Iranian adolescents in particular is increasing. The objective of this paper was to determine the relationship between body weight status and self-esteem also to evaluate the important role of weight status between the sexes in a conservative society like the Islamic Republic of Iran.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant impact on people's psychological functioning, including how the cope with anxiety. This study aimed to assess the role of coping styles on the relationship of COVID-19 anxiety and Washing Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (W-OCD) symptoms. Methods: A cross-sectional study was performed on 420 people living in Kashan city (Iran) from March to April 2020. Participants were selected by the convenience sampling method due to the difficulties brought about by COVID-19 and completed the contamination subscale of Padua Inventory, Covid-19 anxiety inventory, and coping strategies scale. Data was analyzed by structural equation modeling (SEM) using AMOS- 22. Results: The results revealed that emotion focused, somatization and social support coping strategies were significantly associated with W-OCD symptoms. Also, there was a significant correlation between the Covid-19 anxiety with the W-OCD symptoms. SEM result revealed that emotion focused and somatization coping strategies positively mediated the relationship between COVID-19 and W-OCD symptoms. Conclusion: Emotion focused and somatization coping strategies increase W-OCD symptoms following COVID-19 anxiety. Psycho education interventions addressing COVID-19's physical and psychological impacts on health, discriminating the rational and adaptive behavior and obsessive and compulsive behaviors, restricting the information gathering from numerous sources which may lead to increased negative emotions might be helpful.