Choroba afektywna dwubiegunowa (ChAD) charakteryzuje się patologicznymi zmianami nastroju i aktywności o charakterze epizodów maniakalnych, hipomaniakalnych, depresyjnych lub mieszanych. W ostatnich latach obserwuje się znaczący wzrost rozpoznawania ChAD u dzieci i młodzieży. Ocenia się, że średni wskaźnik rozpowszechnienia spektrum zaburzeń afektywnych w populacji pediatrycznej wynosi 1,8 %, a ChAD typu I – 1,2%. Mimo jednakowych kryteriów diagnostycznych istnieją przesłanki, że niektóre objawy choroby występują z inną częstością wśród dzieci i młodzieży niż u osób dorosłych. Za najczęstszy objaw maniakalny u osób z początkiem choroby w wieku dziecięcym uważa się drażliwość, a w wieku młodzieńczym - nadmierną aktywność. ChAD w populacji dzieci i młodzieży towarzyszy wysoki wskaźnik współwystępowania innych chorób psychicznych. Szczególne problemy diagnostyczne stwarza zespół nadpobudliwości ruchowej z deficytem uwagi oraz osobowość borderline. Wczesny początek ChAD wiąże się z cięższym przebiegiem, gorszym rokowaniem i wyższym ryzykiem samobójczym. W leczeniu farmakologicznym ChAD w populacji pediatrycznej stosuje się leki normotymiczne I i II generacji, przy czym ich skuteczność oraz profil bezpieczeństwa różni się od osób dorosłych. Amerykański Food and Drug Administration rekomenduje w leczeniu epizodów maniakalnych u młodych osób lit, aripiprazol, kwetiapinę, risperidon, olanzapinę, a w przypadku epizodów depresyjnych połączenie olanzapiny z fluoksetyną.
Background: Eating disorders (ED) are a diagnostic category that includes several nosological units such as anorexia nervosa (AN), bulimia nervosa (BN), or binge eating disorder (BED). This category most often concerns women, while the peak incidence falls on the reproductive age. Therefore the issue of ED during pregnancy is an interesting topic. Due to the creation of unrealistic ideal of “desired,” slim figure both by the mass media and social media even during and right after gestation, more and more pregnant women introduce behaviours aimed at maintaining the “perfect” appearance. However in some cases it may have serious consequences for the health of both mother and child leading to the creation of the term “pregorexia” by the media to describe this issue.Aim: The aim of this paper was to conduct a systematic review of the literature dealing with eating disorders in pregnant women, with particular emphasis on pregorexia.Method: A systematic review of literature published within the last 5 years (2016–2021) in English or Polish and available through MEDLINE / PubMed, Google Scholar and Cochrane Library databases was conducted based on the previously assumed inclusion and exclusion criteria.Results: Initially, 634 publications were obtained during the review, of which 55 papers were selected in the course of the title analysis. After further evaluation of abstracts, 28 papers were qualified for full text analysis. Ultimately, 10 papers were selected for the final analysis.Conclusions: The issue of ED in pregnant women is a broad topic covering a heterogeneous group of women—both those with a previous history and those with the onset during pregnancy. The occurrence of ED symptoms during this period is associated with a high likelihood of negative consequences for both the mother and the child. The course of pregnancies and deliveries in these patients is more complicated. Therefore, it seems reasonable to develop a multidisciplinary screening strategy and standards of management and supervision over this group of patients.
MDMA (3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine) is a psychoactive substance classified as a hallucinogen. MDMA acts in the brain through a variety of neurochemical mechanisms, reducing anxiety, giving a sense of oneness with other people, expanding empathy, sharpening the senses and intensifying the experience of emotions. Therefore, the use of the MDMA assisted psychotherapy is being considered in selected disorders, such as Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD), Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD) in people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), and in treatment of alcoholic addition. Although the recreational use of ecstasy may lead to numerous life-threatening side effects, data available in the literature suggest that psychoactive substances may be safely administered in clinical settings. This article aims to review current research on the MDMA assisted psychotherapy. The first part of the article concludes data on MDMA assisted psychotherapy from available clinical trials. The second one sums up hopes and fears associated with the administration of MDMA in clinical settings that were discussed in the current clinical discourse. It seems that further studies are needed to determine the long-term safety and effectiveness of MDMA assisted psychotherapy.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
customersupport@researchsolutions.com
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
This site is protected by reCAPTCHA and the Google Privacy Policy and Terms of Service apply.
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.