Influência do Fotoperíodo na Reprodução e Longevidade de Orius thyestes Herring (Hemiptera: Anthocoridae) RESUMO -Várias espécies de Orius Wolff são utilizadas no controle biológico de tripes em cultivos protegidos em regiões temperadas, entretanto algumas delas apresentam diapausa reprodutiva, comprometendo a atuação desses agentes de controle biológico. Não existem relatos sobre a biologia da espécie neotropical Orius thyestes Herring em diferentes condições ambientais. Este trabalho objetivou verificar a influência do fotoperíodo na reprodução e longevidade desse predador. Ninfas foram individualizadas em placas de Petri e mantidas em câmaras climatizadas a 28 ± 1°C, UR de 70 ± 10% e nos fotoperíodos de 12L:12E, 11L:13E, 10L:14E e 09L:15E. Os adultos foram acasalados em placas de Petri contendo inflorescência de Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae como substrato de oviposição e ovos de Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) como alimento. Foram avaliados os períodos de pré-oviposição e oviposição, fecundidade e longevidade de fêmeas e machos. Em nenhuma das condições de fotoperíodos avaliadas O. thyestes apresentou diapausa reprodutiva. O número médio de ovos por fêmea diminuiu proporcionalmente ao número de horas de luz, com diferença (P < 0,05) entre os valores obtidos em 12h e 9h de luz. A longevidade de fêmeas e machos do predador sob fotofase de 9h foi menor (P < 0,05) que as longevidades observadas nos demais fotoperíodos testados. O conhecimento sobre a biologia do inimigo natural em diferentes condições permite otimizar a criação massal e prever o desempenho do predador em diferentes fotoperíodos que podem ocorrer ao longo do ano e no interior das casas de vegetação. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Predador, fecundidade, fotofase, comportamento, controle biológico ABSTRACT -Several species of Orius Wolff are used in biological control of thrips in protected cultivations in temperate regions, but some of them show reproductive diapause, compromising the efficiency of these agents of biological control. There are no reports on the biology of the neotropical species Orius thyestes Herring under different environmental conditions. The purpose of this work was to investigate the influence of photoperiod on reproduction and longevity of this predator. Nymphs were kept in petri dishes in climatic chambers at 28 ± 1°C, 70 ± 10% RH and under the photoperiods of 12L:12D, 11L:13D, 10L:14D e 09L:15D. The mating adults were kept in petri dishes with Bidens pilosa L. Asteraceae inflorescences as oviposition substracts and eggs of Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) as food. The pre-oviposition and oviposition periods, fecundity and longevity were evaluated and O. thyestes did not show reprodutive diapause in all photoperiod conditions established. The mean number of eggs obtained per female decreased with the reduction of the photophase, with a difference (P < 0.05) between the values obtained in 12h and 9h of photophase. Longevity of females and males under 9h photophase was shorter (P < 0.05) than in all...
The whitefly Bemisia tabaci is a global pest, well-known for its capacity to transmit begomoviruses during sap sucking (<24h). Chemical control is mainly adopted, aiming to kill the insect before it acquires and transmits virus. In the present study, we evaluated the toxicity of 17 insecticides on B. tabaci and subsequently determined the lethal time for this pest (only for the insecticides that caused B. tabaci mortality equal to or greater than 80%). Here, we present an efficient methodology for assessing the toxicity in the individual adult. We also provided an investigation regarding the residual effect of insecticides to control B. tabaci on cabbage in greenhouses. The selectivity of these insecticides for the predator minute pirate bug Orius tristicolor was also assessed. Bifenthrin, cartap, chlorfenapyr and chlorpyrifos caused ≥ 80% mortality on whitefly adults. They also showed fast lethal effect (<24 h), principally cartap, which caused 100% of mortality in only 45 min. However, these insecticides showed a short residual period of whitefly control (<3 days) and did not present physiological selectivity for O. tristicolor. In terms of whitefly management, only a few insecticides were efficient to avoid begomoviruse transmission. The short residual period and the absence of physiological selectivity for the predator suggests that the use of these products should involve a sustainable approach. Taking pest population levels into account when making control decisions and for predator preservation in the agroecosystems should positively contribute to more sustainable whitefly management.
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